Psychology Final Exam ReviewChapter 15- Psychopathology (mental disorder): often seen as failure to adapt to the environmento 4 D’s Dysfunction: causes impairment Distress: causes distress to the individual or to those around him/her Deviation: not normative Dangerousness: potential harm to the individual- Diathesis-Stress Modelo Predisposition for mental disorder (diathesis)o Live events affecting disposition for mental disorder (stress)- Bio-Psycho-Social Model: biological, social and psychological factors all play a role in whether or not a person gets a mental disorder- The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): a system that contains a criteria list for mental disorderso 5 Dimensions Major mental disorder Personality disorder and mental retardation Associated medical conditions Life stressors Overall level of daily functioningo Criticisms Arbitrary distinctions High level of comorbidity: individuals with one diagnosis tend to have more Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model of psychopathology- Mood disorderso Major Depressive Episodes: lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities (Major depressive disorder) Symptoms: weight loss, sleep difficulties Explanations:- Depression and life events- Depression as a social disorder- Depression as a loss of reinforcement- Depression as a disorder of thinking Females more likely to get MDDo Bipolar disorder: condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode. Major depressive episode precedes or follows a manic episode (more than half the time)o Suicide: MDD and bipolar disorder are at a higher risk for suicide than most disorders Interpersonal Theory of Suicide- Thwarted belongingness - Perceived burdensomeness- Capability for suicide- Must have all three in order for suicide to become a possibility - Anxiety disorderso Generalized anxiety disorder: continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioningo Panic disorder: repeated and unexpected panic attacks Panic attack: brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heart and feelings of impending death or going crazyo Phobias: intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat Specific phobia: intense fear of objects, places or situations that is greatly out of proportion Social phobia: marked fear of public appearances in which embarrassment or humiliation seems likely Agoraphobia: fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or which help is unavailable in case of a panic attackChapter 16- Psychoanalytic therapyo Free associationo Interpretationo Dream Analysiso Resistanceo Transference- Psychodynamic therapy: focuses more on the interpersonal relationship between therapist and cliento Maladaptation is unconscious- Humanistic therapy: therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positiveChapter 1- James: understand the functions or adaptive purposes of our thoughts, feelings and behaviors- Freud: uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences in behavior- Skinner/Watson: uncover the general principles of learning that explain all behaviors; focus is largely on observable behavior- Six principles of scientific thinkingo Ruling out rival hypothesiso Correlation v. Causationo Falsifiabilityo Replicabilityo Extraordinary claimso Occam’s razor: does a simpler explanation fit the data just as well?- Conformation bias: tendency to seek out evidence that supports hypothesis- Basic research vs. Applied researcho Basic research: research examining how the mind workso Applied research: research examining how we can use basic research to solve-real worldproblems- Different scientific methodso Naturalistic observationo Case studieso Self-report measureso Surveyso Correlation designs- Correlations Positive (both increase) Negative (one increases) Zero (no relationship)o Correlation does not imply causationo Cannot be greater than 1 or less than -1o Illusory correlation: perception of statistical association where none existsChapter 3 (Bio Psych)- Different lobes of the brain: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipitalo Frontal: motor function, language and memory Oversees and organizes most other brain functions Prefrontal cortex: responsible for thinking, planning and language Motor cortexo Parietal: specialized for touch and perception Contains somatosensory cortex, sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature Communicates info to motor cortex when we reach, grasp or move our eyeso Temporal: lower part of cerebral cortex, plays a role in hearing, understanding, storing memories Contains auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area, which is responsible for speech comprehensiono Occipital: lies at the rear of the brain and contains the visual cortex (specialized for vision) Vision first goes to primary sensory cortex then to association cortex for further processing- Size, shape, color, location of objects- Amygdala: plays a role in fear, excitement and arousalo In the limbic systemo Activated when exposed to strong emotional stimuli - Phineas Gage: tamping iron through the skull and frontal lobes in a railroad accident; destroyed much of his prefrontal cortex. Completely changed his personality. Chapter 4 (Sensation and Perception)- Bottom- up processing vs. top-down processingo Bottom-up: begins with automatic sensory detection and encoding of the stimuli into a meaningful representation Edge detection, color or movemento Top-down: begins with conscious organization and interpretation of the stimuli using or beliefs and expectations- Change blindness: surprising visual blindness to changes in a sceneo Can occur due to failure to store information- Inattention blindnesso Failure to notice change because attention is drawn elsewhereo Failure to detect unexpected stimulus that is fully visible in a single displayo Does not require comparison to memory- Weber’s law: there is a constant proportional relationship between the just noticeable difference and original stimulus intensityChapter 6 (Learning)- Classical conditioning:o Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): stimulus that elicits an automatic responseo Unconditioned response (UCR): automatic response
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