CH 13 Personality Psychoanalysis To uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes and earlylife experiences in behavior Psychic Determinism All psychological events have a cause Actions are not free We are at the whim of inner forces Unconscious Motivation The majority of motivation lies beneath the surface Id The impulse Superego Morality The Parent Role Ego The Decision Maker The mediator Freud s Personality Structure Free association was a means of tapping into the unconscious by leading what the person is saying he thought that he could get from the associated comment into the unconscious Stages of psychosexual development Neo Freudians 1 Escape from sexuality as driving force 2 Increased optimism about life and personality change Freud wrote that the goal of psychoanalysis is to turn neurotic misery into ordinary everyday happiness Alfred Adler Crippled child Deviated from sexual explanations Striving for Superiority Inferiority Complex Like Freud Adler believed in childhood tensions However these tensions were social in nature and not sexual A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power Karen Horney Rejected a sexual emphasis Discussed gender issues Women s sense of inferiority because of dependence on men Like adler she rejected the sexual drives of personality in favor of a social tension view for personality formation She said that childhood anxiety caused by the child s helplessness triggered our desire for love and security Erik Erikson Proposed a theory of personality development throughout the lifetime Titled his theory psychosocial development Agreed with freud s unconcscious but said there is more there than repressed thoughts and feelings and more than just sexual drives Carl Jung Agreed with Freud s unconscious Posited a collective unconscious Talked about extroversion and introversion Agreed with freud s unconcscious but said there is more there than repressed thoughts and feelings and more than just sexual drives Projective tests Tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret Radical Behaviorism Free will is an illusion Personality consists of behaviors Personality is outside of us Unconscious views differed from Freud Black Box of Cognition Social Cognitive theory Conditioning depends on thought Observational learning important Locus of Control The belief of the amount of power someone has over the events in their life Locus of Control external and internal The belief of the amount of power someone has over the events in their life External Locus of Control The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one s personal control determine one s fate Internal Locus of Control The perception that one controls one s own fate External Locus of Control I m controlled by my environment Internal Locus of Control I m able to control my environment Learned Helplessness Humanism Personal views and optimism and too little on empirical findings Abraham Maslow Evaluations Criticism Arbitrary subjective Vary by culture May just be description of Maslow s values Focuses only on positive qualities Carl Rogers Rejected Negativity Determinism Emphasis on Sex Maslow s Hierarchy of needs Self Actualization Conditions of Worth 16 factor theory five factor theory three factor model Sixteen Factor Theory Ray Cattell Too complex of a model Five Factor Theory Big Five Model Most widely used and talked about Three Factor Model Hans Eysenck Emerging model Too limiting Factor analysis Analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures The big five factors know what each of them are Basic tendencies versus characteristic adaptations Basic Tendencies underlying personality traits Characteristic Adaptations Behavioral Manifestations Steal cheat and lie study person situation controversy Experiment that looked at childrens behavior when given an opportunity to steal a dime change answer on a test or lie Surprisingly the correlation between these behaviors were low Know the underlying motivation for the majority of Freud s work How was this different from the stage theorists that had come before him or the Neo Freudians that came after him Might this have had something to do with the type of clients that he saw Also know some of the basic facts about Freud like what his original career choice was and what caused him to alter it Freud s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality which included the unconscious mind psychosexual stages and defense mechanisms Largely as a consequence of his neurological background Freud initially believed that mental disorders were physiologically caused They exhibited an assortment of spectacular physical symptoms paralyses of the arms and legs fainting spells and seizures Know the stages of Freud s psychosexual development Know what occurred during each stage If given a scenario be able to identify what stage it is associated with according to Freud For example if a person is obsessed with control which stage would Freud consider the person to be fixated at What is fixation He believed that individuals can become fixated or stuck in an early stage of development Fixations can occur because children were either deprived of sexual gratification they were supposed to receive during that stage or excessively gratified during that stage in either case they experience difficulty moving ahead to the next stage What are the three assumptions of all of psychoanalysis including Freud and the Neo Freudians What do each of them mean Psychic Determinism All psychological events have a cause Actions are not free We are at the whim of inner forces Symbolic Meaning Everything has an underlying meaning Unconscious Motivation The majority of motivation lies beneath the surface Know Freud s ideas about the unconscious mind Know the three different parts how he described each of them and how they contributed to personality Freud viewed the unconscious as a place where sexual and aggressive energies along with repressed memories are housed The id according to Freud is the reservoir four most primitive impulses a seething cauldron of desires that provides the driving force much of our behavior The ego is the boss of the personality its principal decision maker The ego s primary tasks are interacting with the real world and finding ways to resolve the competing demands of the other two psychic agencies The superego is
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