Final Exam and Critical Thinking Quiz Study Guide Tyler Towne Topic One Lifespan Development Concepts 1 What is the post hoc fallacy Post hoc fallacy false assumption that because one event occurred before another event it must have caused that event 2 Why must we pay attention to possible bi directional influences in developmental research Individuals interact with the environment much like environment affects individuals ages at a single point in time 1 Child s temperament can affect how parent treats the child 3 What are the pros and cons of a cross sectional b longitudinal research Cross sectional research design that examines people of different 1 Pros we are able to obtain a snapshot of each person at a 2 Cons Cohort effects due to the fact that sets of people single age who lived during one time period can differ in some systematic way from sets of people who lived during different time period Longitudinal research psychologists track the development of the same group of participants over time 1 Pros same group of people no cohort effects that cross sectional research would bring Also allows us to examine true developmental effects 2 Cons can be costly and time consuming Also can result in attrition when participants drop out of study before it is completed interact with our environment 4 What are genes How do they influence our development How do they Genes a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine certain characteristics of the offspring Whether or not certain genes are expressed is dependent on gene interactions and environment interactions Gene environment interaction situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed 5 Understand the early development of the brain and the processes of proliferation and pruning Brain begins to develop 18 days after fertilization and continues to develop into early adulthood Proliferation occurs neurons begin developing as high as 250 000 brain cells per minute Fetus produces more neurons than needed as an infant and therefore kills certain neurons and retracts axons to remove the connections that aren t useful in a process called pruning Brain begins as a long tube that develops into a variety of different structures with the brain stem developing first followed by cortical structures 6 Know what a teratogen is and give some examples of teratogens and known consequences resulting from exposure to them Teratogen an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development 1 Ex fetal alcohol syndrome can lead to negative cognitive and poor physical development 2 Smoking tobacco while pregnant can lead to low birth weight which may cause cognitive and physical deficits 7 How does universal physical development give us hints about nature s role in a child s early development What are some examples of universal physical development Nature influences nurture Ex Tall people are most likely to play basketball nurture via nature 8 What are infant reflexes Give some examples What is their function Infant reflexes automatic motor behaviors that are triggered by specific types of stimulation important for survival needs Sucking reflex automatic response to oral stimulation Rooting reflex serves as the same survival need eating They learn through these reflexes trial and error 9 Who is Jean Piaget How did he develop his theories of development Jean Piaget Swiss psychologist the first person to present a comprehensive account of cognitive development Believed that children s thinking was not just an immature form of adult thinking but was fundamentally different from that of adults Children aren t passive observers but rather active learners and observe consequences of their actions 10 What are Piaget s stages of cognitive development Explain each Sensorimotor stage birth to 2 yrs object permanence no thought 1 Peek a boo beyond immediate physical experiences Preoperational stage 2 7 yrs able to think beyond the here and now egocentric and unable to form mental transformations 1 Pretend play Concrete operational stage 7 11 yrs able to preform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects 1 Conversations mathematics Formal operational stage 11 adulthood able to preform hypothetical and abstract reasoning 1 Abstract logic moral reasoning 11 How did Piaget s idea of concrete development differ from Vygotsky s idea of scaffolding and continuous development Piaget s ideas proceed in step like fashion Vygotsky believed continuous fashion developing doesn t level off Scaffolding parents provide initial assistance in children s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent 12 Know the importance of attachment and the difference between secure and insecure attachment styles Is daycare detrimental to the formation of secure attachment Attachment the strong emotional connection we share with those Secure attachment 60 of infant pop infant explores room but to whom we feel closest checks to see if mother is watching Infant uses mother as a secure base for support to which to turn in times of trouble Insecure avoidant attachment 15 20 shows no distress at mom s departure and displays little reaction upon her return Insecure anxious attachment 15 20 reacts to mother s departure with panic shows mixed emotions upon her return The quality of daycare effects attachment 13 What was the main finding of Harlow s experiment with the rhesus monkeys 1 Good daycare can lead to more social skills 2 Bad quality daycare can lead to stronger attachments Harlow found that although the babies routinely went to wire mother for milk they spent much more time especially when exposed to scary robot with their terry cloth mother Contact comfort the positive emotions afforded by touch 14 What are the various parenting styles Give example behaviors from each Permissive parents are lenient with their children much freedom shower children with affection 1 Want to be child s friend more than parent Authoritarian parents tend to be more strict little opportunity for free play or exploration punishing them when child doesn t respond appropriately towards their demands little affection 1 Lay down the law Authoritative parents combine the best features of both permissive and authoritarian worlds Supportive yet clear and firm limits 1 Warm and caring but also demanding 15 What are the physical declines associated with old age Hair loss
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