Unit Four Study Guide Topic One Lifespan Development Key Terms Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Concrete Development Continuous Development Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence Control every move rules even if its arbitrary because I said so rebellion depression anxiety Parent that is in the middle sets clear ground rules explains rules and are flexible in some cases best outcome Allows child to do anything parent wants to be your best friend at all costs substance abuse egocentrism no rules anywhere real world and home conduct problems delinquency Development was like stairs go along make an advancement go along make an advancement Development was like a ramp children gradually develop and understand scaffolding parents always need to be one level above child and challenge them Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increase with age Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Birth deformities from mother drinking alcohol while pregnant Infantile Amnesia Don t remember anything before the age of 3 Insecure Attachment Ones for whom a parent has not been there bad life outcomes Lev Vygotsky Believed in continuous development Longitudinal Design Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time Cross sectional design A study in which people of different ages are compared with another Neural Pruning Piaget s Stages of Cognitive Development Secure Attachment Teratogen Universal Physical Development Concepts if not needed it s cut away disposed of a lot of metabolism and glucose to keep neurons running Sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational Ones for whom a parent has been there most of the time trust the parent will be there to care for them all sorts of good life outcomes Harmful substance that can be passed from mother to child that causes problems with development All kids develop at the same rate Crying crawling walking teething talking 1 Understand the early development of the brain and the process of neural pruning a The young brain 1 Prenatal development 1 250 000 brain cells per minute b Early life and pruning 1 The most neurons we will ever have 1 23 billion 2 stupid because they have not made the connections yet 3 3 6 years frontal lobe decision making problem solving inhibition 4 6 adolescence association areas 2 Give some examples of teratogens and known consequences resulting from exposure to them a Drugs Accutane Thalidomide used to treat extreme nausea causes extreme birth defects stunted growth of appendages b Alcohol FAS deformities social problems low IQ c Smoking nicotine causes addiction restriction in blood vessels baby doesn t get enough nutrients low birth weight 3 Role of parents Involved social a b Eating healthy c Being there d Reading with them biggest predictor 1 More words said more intelligent 2 Learn to talk faster memorize vocabulary better 4 How do we know that infants have memory a Infants learn vocabulary learn to walk learn to crawl none of these things have to be relearned after 3 b Things that are well learned language sounds and or implicit memories we retain c All explicit memory is lost 5 Give at least one example of an experiment that works around the limitations of working with infants in order to answer questions about development a Mobile attached to a string attached to the babies leg baby kicks to make it move 6 How are these limitations overcome Infants can be taught a b Don t mix things up keep the same mobile or bottle etc 7 Who is Jean Piaget How did he develop his theories of development a Worked with Alfred Binet b Interested in the mistakes 1 Would miss the same questions when they were a certain age 8 What are Piaget s stages of cognitive development a Birth 2 Sensorimotor 1 Object permanence once something is out of view it no longer exists 2 Stranger anxiety b 2 6 or 7 Preoperational 1 Pretend play gender roles 2 Egocentrism c 7 11 Concrete operational 1 Conversational 2 Mathematical transformations d 12 adulthood Formal operational 1 Abstract logic 2 Potential for mature moral reasoning 9 How did Piaget s idea of concrete development differ from Vygotsky s idea of scaffolding and continuous development a Piaget stairs Vygotsky ramp 10 Know the importance of attachment and the difference between secure and insecure attachment a Secure attachment is successful for good development 11 Is daycare detrimental to the formation of secure attachment a Can result in less secure attachment if its low quality b High quality positive attachment outcomes 12 What was the main finding of Harlow s experiment with the rhesus monkeys a Nurturing is more important to a child they ll go back after they get food after waiting until they are very hungry 13 What are the various parenting styles Give example behaviors from each style a Authoritarian authoritative permissive 14 What cognitive developments accompany the development of the frontal lobe a Memory and intelligence 15 What social changes are associated with adolescence Improved judgment impulse control ability to plan for long term a b Search for identity c Fight between roles and identity d Capacity for intimacy e Peer influence parent influence 16 Know the concept of emerging adulthood a For some people in modern cultures a period from the late teens to early twenties bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood b Eased into adulthood instead of abruptly 1 Diminishing bouts of depression or anger and increased self esteem 17 What are the physical declines associated with old aging 18 What are the cognitive declines c Western cultures a Sensory ability b Reaction time c Fertility women a Alzheimer s b Parkinson s c Multiple Sclerosis with aging 19 Is age kinder to the initially more able Can we mitigate the problems associated a Until late life intelligence remains b Depends on the type of information we are trying to receive c Different intellectual tasks increase with age whereas others decrease 20 Which type of intelligence typically rises with age Which decreases Increases Vocabulary information comprehension a b Decreases similarities digit symbol block design matrix reasoning letter number sequence 21 What are the pros and cons of a cross sectional b longitudinal research a Longitude method suggests more stability b Cross sectional method suggests decline 22 What social
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