PSY2012 Exam 3 Study Guide Learning Behaviorism Associationism Came First Associative Learning learning that certain events occur together David Hume and John Locke realized that people would associate ideas together when they repeatedly followed the same ideas Ex We see lightning so we know thunder is coming Ex A dog gives you his paw because he knows he will get a treat We learn things in serial taking place in a series Behaviorism rooted in this concept A B Classical Conditioning John Watson and Operant Conditioning B F Skinner Pavlov His Dogs Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov physiology 1904 Nobel Prize Winner for dog digestion not classical conditioning Did not consider himself a psychologist Interested in the digestive tendencies of dogs Pavlov s Terms Neutral stimulus NS The stimulus that originally elicits no response Unconditioned stimulus UCS Stimulus that automatically produces a response unlearned food Unconditioned response UCR Automatic response to a stimulus unlearned salivation Conditioned stimulus CS Conditioned response CR Pavlov s Salivating Dogs a response from the dog Originally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a conditioned response tone Learned response to previously neutral stimulus salivation Pavlov wanted to see if the dog could associate non food related things with food to get Pavlov presented the dog with just the bowl and noticed an increase in salivation Just before putting food in the dogs mouth he would sound the tone He did this several times until the dog started salivating more just in response to the tone But his big discovery was that when the dog had been run through the procedures a few times it began to salivate even BEFORE the food was given to him He salivated when he saw the food when it saw the food dish when it saw the person who brought the food At first Pavlov found this annoying because it interfered with his study on digestion But then he realized he had stumbled upon an important form of learning and he began to focus on that This form of learning in which organisms learn to associate stimuli is called classical conditioning it is sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus food Unconditioned Response salivating Neutral Stimulus sounding of the bell initiated no response Neutral Stimulus bell Unconditioned Stimulus food Unconditioned Before Conditioning During Conditioning Response salivating After Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus bell Conditioned Response salivating Experimental Neurosis when tones were sounded different from the original tone dogs would be stressed and bark out of confusion Classical Conditioning Example Neutral Stimulus Phone Quack Unconditioned Stimulus Getting hit in the head with a dart Unconditioned Response Head movement Covering head Conditioned Stimulus Phone Quack Conditioned Response Head movement Covering Head Generalization Extending conditioned response to other conditioned stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus Ex using a different bell will cause the dog to salivate even if bell sounds slightly different even though the dog wasn t conditioned with this bell Extinction Opposite of classical conditioning Ex giving the dog the conditioned stimulus bell without the unconditioned stimulus bell causes the dog to eventually stop eliciting a response salivating occurs over several trials without unconditioned stimulus Spontaneous Recovery Takes less time for conditioning to take place after extinction Even when unconditioned stimulus goes away the memory of the neutral stimulus does not go away so when the unconditioned stimulus is reintroduced the neutral stimulus is easier to learn John Watson and Behaviorism John B Watson behaviorism The original behavioral psychologist thought of as the founder Popularized classical conditioning in people Very successful in advertising using CC principles The Behaviorist Manifesto Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science saying Introspection was subjective Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior Introspection forms no essential part of its methods nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness black box The behaviorist in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response recognizes no dividing line between man and brute conditioning can be done to animals and people both so experiments on animals can be extended to people The Black Box based on Behaviorist Ideals Stimulus Black Box Response Behaviorists were not interested in learning about the black box the mind The people before Mental life and after Cognitive revolution were interested in the brain and how it contributes to thoughts Behaviorism Flourishes John Watson says Give me a dozen healthy infants well formed and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor lawyer artist merchant chief and yes even beggar man and thief regardless of his talents penchants tendencies abilities vocations or race Behaviorism deals with NURTURE Fear Conditioning and Poor Little Albert s attempt to condition fear in infant to typically neutral stimulus basing it off John Watson the quote above Possible implications of these tests seeing that if you can train someone to fear something that is typically very friendly then the possibilities are limitless in terms of what you can train Ex train the perfect army or sports team Control assured Albert was not affected by any animals neutral stimuli Experiment loud noise made when Albert reached for a white rat to make him upset Didn t film the actual experiment probably due to how scarring the experiment was maybe due to adding stimuli no way to know experiment was 100 true This type of experiment would not be performed today due to newer ethical standards Neutral stimulus rat No response Unconditioned stimulus loud noise unconditioned response crying attempt to crawl Neutral Stimulus rat Unconditioned stimulus loud noise Unconditioned response Neutral Conditioned Stimulus rat Unconditioned Conditioned Response crying Before Conditioning away During Conditioning crying attempt to crawl away After Conditioning attempt to crawl away What ever happened to Little Albert young of hydrocephalous They do not know how Albert was later affected
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