Chapter 7- Learning NotesWhat is Learning?Learning is a relatively permanent change in thought or behavior that results from experienceMajor Types of learning…ConditioningClassical (Pavlovian) conditioningOperant ConditioningCognitive Models of learningLatent learningObservational learningInsight learningClassical ConditioningClassical Conditioning- Pavlov- form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned responseConditioned stimulusConditioned responsePrinciples of Classical ConditioningINVOLUTARY responsesAcquisition- learning phase during which a conditioned response is establishedExtinction- gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulusSpontaneous Recovery- Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulusGeneralization- process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned responseDiscrimination- Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.Operant ConditioningLearning controlled by the consequences of the organisms’ behaviorVOLUNTARY responsesShaping- conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target.Positive reinforcement- the frequency of a behavior is increased because you give the person or animal something pleasurableEx. You study and get good gradesNegative Reinforcement- when the frequency of a behavior is increased because you take away something that is aversiveYou study and feel less anxietyPositive Punishment- when a behavior is decreased by giving an aversive response to the behaviorEx. Spanking for talking backNegative punishment- when a behavior is decreased by taking away something pleasurableGrounding for talking backSchedules of ReinforcementBest is Continuous reinforcementPartial Reinforcement- Varies across two dimensionsConsistency of administering reinforcement (fixed vs regular)Basic of administering reinforcement (ratio vs interval)Fixed Ratio- Reinforcement is provided following a regular number of responsesVariable ratio- Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomlyFixed interval- Reinforcement is provided for producing the response at least once following a specific time intervalVariable interval- Reinforcement is provided for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomlyThorndike’s Law of effectForms the basis of much of operant conditioningIf a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the futureCats solved problems solely through trial and errorPunishment vs. ReinforcementIn negative reinforcement, you are removing a stimulus which increases target behaviorIn punishment, you are always trying to decrease target behaviorControversy over SkinnerIs human freedom an illusion if we are all controlled by our environment?Actions are merely a product of environmental factorsLatent LearningLearning that’s not directly observable, doesn’t contain obvious rewards or punishmentsObservational learning (Bobo doll)Modeling (imitation)Insight learningChapter 7- Learning NotesWhat is Learning?Learning is a relatively permanent change in thought or behavior that results from experienceMajor Types of learning…ConditioningClassical (Pavlovian) conditioningOperant ConditioningCognitive Models of learningLatent learningObservational learningInsight learningClassical ConditioningClassical Conditioning- Pavlov- form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned responseConditioned stimulusConditioned responsePrinciples of Classical ConditioningINVOLUTARY responsesAcquisition- learning phase during which a conditioned response is establishedExtinction- gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulusSpontaneous Recovery- Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulusGeneralization- process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned responseDiscrimination- Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.Operant ConditioningLearning controlled by the consequences of the organisms’ behaviorVOLUNTARY responsesShaping- conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target.Positive reinforcement- the frequency of a behavior is increased because you give the person or animal something pleasurableEx. You study and get good gradesNegative Reinforcement- when the frequency of a behavior is increased because you take away something that is aversiveYou study and feel less anxietyPositive Punishment- when a behavior is decreased by giving an aversive response to the behaviorEx. Spanking for talking backNegative punishment- when a behavior is decreased by taking away something pleasurableGrounding for talking backSchedules of ReinforcementBest is Continuous reinforcementPartial Reinforcement- Varies across two dimensionsConsistency of administering reinforcement (fixed vs regular)Basic of administering reinforcement (ratio vs interval)Fixed Ratio- Reinforcement is provided following a regular number of responsesVariable ratio- Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomlyFixed interval- Reinforcement is provided for producing the response at least once following a specific time intervalVariable interval- Reinforcement is provided for producing the response at leastonce during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomlyThorndike’s Law of effectForms the basis of much of operant conditioningIf a stimulus followed by a
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