Chapter 6 – Sensation and Perception Learning Objectives1. What is sensation?2. What is perception?3. What are the absolute and difference thresholds?4. What is sensory adaptation?5. What is transduction?6. Know the two theories of how we perceive pitch: place theory & frequency theory7. What are the two types of hearing loss?8. What are rods and cones?9. What is the difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness?10. What is trichromatic theory and opponent-processes theory?11. What is sensory interaction?12. What is Prosopagnosia (face blindness) and how does it relate to Sensation and Perception?13. What is Gestalt psychology? 14. How do we perceive motion?15. What is the importance of illusions? What can they tell us about how we perceive sensation?16. What is perceptual constancy? What is perceptual set? How do these influence our perception?17. What role does context play in perception?Chapter 4 – Nature vs. Nurture Learning Objectives1. What percent of our genes do we share with others? What percentage make use unique?2. What is the nature vs. nuture controversy? Which aspect plays a larger role in explaining behavior?3. What is behavior genetics? And what types of studies are typically done to study this? 4. How do behavioral geneticists determine if a behavior or skill is highly influenced by genes and/or environment?Chapter 7 Learning Objectives1. What is the definition of learning and conditioning?2. What are the two forms of learning?3. Describe Pavlov’s famous experiment on classical conditioning.4. What is an unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and a conditioned response (CR)? Be able to give examples of each (including examples of each in Pavlov’s and Watson’s studies).5. What were the results of Watson’s study with Little Albert?6. How does extinction occur? What is spontaneous recovery?7. What is the definition of generalization and discrimination?8. What is the definition of operant conditioning? And what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?9. What is the law of effect? Be able to explain Thorndike’s experiment with puzzle boxes.10. What is the Skinner Box and which type of conditioning procedure was used in this experiment?11. What is reinforcement and punishment? How do these things influence behavior?12. What is observational learning? Be able to describe Albert Bandura’s bobo doll experiment.Chapter 13 Learning Objectives – Personality1. Define personality.2. Trait Approach:a. How is the term “trait” used in psychology? Describe the trait perspective of personality and know the criticism of this theory.b. How do researchers identify fundamental personality traits?c. Identify and define the Big Five-Factor Model.3. Social-Cognitive Approacha. Describe the Social-Cognitive perspective to personality by Albert Bandura. Whatare the three components of this theory? What is the criticism of this theory?b. Be able to explain the influence of personal control and learned helplessness according to the social-cognitive theory.c. Define self-efficacy. Is it healthy to have a slightly positive bias about our abilities?AnswersChapter 6 – Sensation and Perception Learning Objectives1. Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding information about the environment received through our senses.2. Perception the process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory information ina meaningful way. a. Ex. Loud ringing noise in the morning is perceived as an alarm clock3. Thresholdsa. Absolute Threshold is the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. b. Difference Threshold is the minimum difference a person can detect between Two stimuli 50% of the time. i. AKA- Just Noticeable Difference (JND)ii. The size of JND is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus4. Sensory Adaptation is the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulusa. Ex. Getting used to music at a rock concert, then leaving the concert and having your eyes ringing b. Benefit: frees us to focus on informative changes in our environment 5. Transduction is the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural messages6. Two theories of how we perceive pitch: a. Frequency Theory (Low Pitch)i. Whole basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound, this triggers neural impulses to the brain at the same rate as sound waveb. Place Theory (High Pitch)i. Different sound waves trigger activity in different locations of the basilar’smembrane ii. Ex. A baby’s cry7. 2 Types of Hearing Loss:a. Conductive Hearing Lossi. Occurs when sound isn’t conducted efficiently 1. Ex. When you are sickb. Sensorineural Hearing Lossi. Causes by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or the auditory nervesii. Most common type of hearing loss1. Ex. Continuous Rock Concerts, or natural birth disorder8. Vision: Rods and Conesa. Rods i. Receptor cells associated with black and white vision ii. Located at the periphery (side) of the retinab. Conesi. Receptor cells associated with color visionii. Located at the fovea (middle) of the retina9. Difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness:a. Nearsightedness i. Distant objects focus in front of the retina1. Nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objectsb. Farsightednessi. Nearby objects focus behind the retina1. Faraway objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects10. Theories of Color Version: a. Trichromatic Theory (Young and Helmholtz)i. Can create any color by combining light waves of 3 colors: red, green, andblue ii. Our eyes have 3 types of color receptors b. Opponent-process theory (Hering)i. We have 2 additional color processes ii. Red vs. Green and Blue vs. Yellowiii. Why after images occur11. Sensory Interaction a. One sense may influence another 12. Prosopagnosiaa. Sensation without perception i. A person can visual see a face (sensation), but can not translate and interpret (perception) the faceb. Know as Face blindnessc. Seeing faces but not recognizing it13. Gestalt Psychologya. = Form (gestalten = to fashion or shape)b. Our brain does more than register information about the worldc. A perceptual experience 14. The brain perceives motion based on certain assumptions:a. Expanding/shrinking objects are approaching/retracting (not really a change in size)b. Continuous is occurring when we observe a rapid series of slightly varying imagesi. This is the trick to
View Full Document
Unlocking...