Psychology test 1 psychology the scientific study of mind brain and behavior scientific study of human experience o brain o organ that functions as the center of the nervous system o Methods of Measurement anatomical dissection behavior o an observable physical action or emotional display o methods of measurement mind mental abilities and processes o o internal subjective functions and experiences includes MRI CT PET fMRI EEG interviews questionnaires observation laboratory tasks attention perception memory thinking emotion mental imagery o unlike the brain and behavior the mind is not directly observable psychologist make inferences about them based on behavior mind mental abilities and processes o ex selective attention eriksen flanker task biological o neurological physiological o neurochemical o molecular psychological o mental o behavioral o social level of analysis o ex learning neurochemical level glutamate neurotransmitter neurological physiological synapse fired during learning molecular level IQ heredity mental memory behavior studying social teacher praise criticism distinct characteristics of psychology o multiple determinism individual differences o reciprocal determinism o cultural differences o multiple determinism o bully genes parenting style peer pressure an inflated but fragile ego individual differences major theoretical frameworks o variability in thinking emotion personality and behavior structuralism o functionalism o o behavioralism o o psychoanalysis cognitivism structuralism o founder Edward Titchener 1867 1927 o problems student of Wilhelm Wundt the father of experimental psychology used introspection in attempt to map the elements of consciousness like a period table e g sensations images feelings etc insistence on systematic data collection and empiricism imageless thoughts contradicted belief that thinking requires the element of mental imagery introspection is an incomplete invalid method of observation functionalism o founder William James 1842 1910 structuralists asked What what is conscious thought like functionalist asked why why do we sometimes forget things introspection results in stream of consciousness not static elements termed coined by James influenced by Darwin s natural selection psychoanalysis founder sigmund Freud 1865 1939 explorer unconscious motivations that influence mental process o o symbolic meaning dream analysis the Freudian Slip Psychoanalysis o problem many theories are unfalsifiable and thus unscientific o contribution recent evidence supports some mental processes occur outside of conscious awareness behaviorism 1920s 1960s o Prominent Figures John B Watson 1878 1958 B F Skinner 1904 1990 viewed introspection as subjective argued scientific observation should be objective in order to be scientifically sound psychology should study exclusively behavior What occurs in the mind is irrelevant cognitivism began in 1950s 60s o Prominent Figures Ulric Neisser 1928 2012 Jean Piaget 1896 1980 cognition mental processes involved in thinking Behaviorists thinking is another form of behavior Cognitivists thinking affects our behavior o rewards and punishments are subjective One man s trash is another man s treasure o also learn through insight o cognitive neuroscience advances in technology allow for observation of brain functioning during thinking Psychology today very diverse as reflected in 500 000 psychologists worldwide o o many types of psychologists who work in many settings subfields of psychology o our department s Ph D programs developmental psychology clinical psychology social psychology cognitive psychology neuroscience basic vs applied research o basic research tests theories and seeks to build a foundation of knowledge does vocabulary predict reading ability o applied research strives to solve specific problems what reading interventions lead to improved reading ability later in life o basic research basic vs applied research working in a lab performing experiments characterized by writing papers and doing pure research o fields typically include in basic research cognitive psychology social psychology biological psychology developmental psychology basic vs applied research o applied research and applied psychologists work in the field solving practical problems characterized by work that has immediate utility o fields in typically included in applied research industrial organizational psychology clinical counseling psychology human factors engineering applied of research o but psychology is far reaching everyday life for ex advertising fire truck color standardized testing SAT ACT o most people unaware of the impact of psychological research on their Scientific Thinking and Research Methods scientific thinking and research methods common sense o o heuristics o biases psychology as a science research design common sense naive realism o scientific thinking scientific method o hitting your head on a regular basis might lead to severe injuries o belief that we see the world precisely as it is also known as common sense realism however perception isn t always reality perception o based on our own needs connotations personality previously formed cognitive patterns nervous system biology common sense in psychology o the more time student devote to studying the better they will perform academically modes of thinking o analytical relies on reason facts and data slow and reflective foundation of the scientific method heuristics common cognitive bias o o general rule that is usually correct a mental shortcut o only consider explanation options that are most likely to produce a solution ignore other pro save time and mental effort efficient con can sometimes lead to wrong conclusions faulty representativeness heuristic judging the probability of an event on how prevalent that event has been in past experience judging things based on information currently available in memory i e stereotyping availability heuristic influence by recent events vivid cases o o o e g despite the report of several recent mass shootings gun violence has actually decreased over the last 20 years heuristics aren t bad o evolutionary advantage early human needed to make quick decisions often many modern humans lead lives that demand making myriad choices and high cognitive performance other type of biases o heuristics are biases born from cognitive economy o biases can also be the product of motivation biases o confirmation bias tendency to seek out
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