PPE 3003 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Latent Personality Traits II Two perspectives on traits III Approaches IV Taxonomy V Eysenck s Hierarchical Model of Personality VI Cattell s Taxonomy VII Wiggins Circumplex VIII Five Factor Model Outline of Current Lecture I Three Assumptions of Trait Psychology II People change III Person by Situation Interaction IV Person Situation Interaction V Personality Aggregation VI Measurement Issues VII Personality Prediction VIII Personnel Selection IX Myers Briggs Type Indicator X Hogan Personality Inventory Current Lecture A Three Assumptions of trait psychology a Meaningful individual differences b Stability or consistency over time c Consistency across situations B People change a Across situations i People change across situations ii Hartshorne and May found low cross situation consistency in honesty helpfulness and self control b Across time i Some traits increase or decrease in intensity over time 1 As people get older ii Some traits change the way they manifest themselves 1 Bravery iii As a researcher how would you handle this C Person by Situation Interaction a B f P x S b Person times Situation equals Behavior c Different situations may lead to different behaviors for different kinds of people d Example i Attentional adhesion D Person Situation Interaction a Strong situation i Situations in which most people react similarly b Weak ambiguous situation i Personality has more influence c Situation selection i Selection 1 People select certain situations ii Example 1 Which organizations you join and do not join 2 Greek Life 3 Psi Chi 4 Clubs Honor Societies d Evocation selection i Evocation 1 Certain traits may passively evoke specific responses from others ii Example 1 Disagreeable people bring out the disagreeable in others 2 Dr House e Manipulation selection i Manipulation 1 People actively influence the behavior of others ii Example 1 Being nice in order to get something E Personality Aggregation a Aggregation i Averaging multiple observations b Longer tests i More reliable than shorter tests ii Better measures of traits c Single behavior occasion may be influenced by situation i May or may not be related to personality d Traits are only one influence on behavior e Personality traits predict an average level of behavior f Personality alone cannot predict single acts or single occasions with much accuracy F Measurement Issues a The trait approach relies heavily on self report b Carelessness i Example Participant rushes through and does not pay attention to detail and directions 1 How could you check for this ii Detect using an infrequency scale 1 Items embedded among others that most people answer the same way a Example True or False I haven t seen a car in 6 weeks 2 Participant answers differently than most carelessness c Faking on Questionnaires i Participant tries to appear better or worse than reality ii Solution Make a scale that if answered in particular way suggests faking 1 Example True or False I have never told a lie d Social desirability i Participant responds in ways that make them appear socially attractive likable ii Solutions 1 Ensure anonymity confidentiality 2 Encourage honesty 3 Measure socially desirable responding and correct 4 Use items with neutral wording not too positive or too negative surrounding iii Two views 1 Represents distortion a Should be eliminated b Should be reduced 2 Valid indicator of personality traits a Should be studied G Personality Prediction a Some employers hire based on traits b Performance at work results from combination of personality traits and job requirements c Traits may predict success d Two main concerns i Test must predict performance on specific jobs ii Test must be unbiased and avoid undue impact on persons from protected groups 1 Group membership based on religion sex gender ect H Personnel Selection a Personality tests are used to screen out individuals form groups of applicants i Avoid negligent hiring 1 Psychotic police officers b Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory i MMPI ii Screens for mental illnesses I Myers Briggs Type Indicator a MBTI b Widely used in business settings c Extrovert or Introvert i E or I d Information i Intuitive or Sensing ii I or S e Decisions i Thinking or Feeling ii T or F f Structure i Judging or Perceiving ii J or P g Not often used scientifically h The study found no support for the typological theory that instrument is intended to embody There was no evidence that preferences formed true dichotomies McCrae Costa 1989 J Hogan Personality Inventory a HPI b Measures aspects of the Big Five c Many scientific studies suggest that it is valid d Predicts important outcomes i Employee turnover ii Absenteeism e Unlike he MBTI the HPI does not assume that there are personality types
View Full Document
Unlocking...