Topic One Learning 02 24 2015 Be able to define and place in context the following unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response Use Pavlov s Dog as an example A stimulus that elicits an automatic Unconditioned Stimulus reflexive response o Ex Meat Powder Unconditioned Response the stimulus o Ex Salivation Automatic Response that is elicited from Conditioned Response A response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that comes to be elicited by a neutral stimulus A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response as a result of its association with an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Give Some Examples of Classical Conditioning from your own life In class example when Professor Towne displayed a picture of War Head candies on the screen Those of us who have tried them before know that they are very sour thus making a response of our mouths to water What is higher order conditioning The process by which organisms develop classically conditioned responses to previously neutral stimuli that later become associated with the original Each progressive level results in weaker conditioning just as a verbal message becomes less accurate as it s passed from one person to another Allows us to extend classical conditioning to a host of new stimuli Ex Why we feel thirsty after someone merely says Coke on a hot summer day o We ve already come to associate the sight sound and smell of a Coca Cola with quenching our thirst and we eventually came to associate the word Coke with this Extinction When the critical response decreases in magnitude and What is extinction and spontaneous recovery and how are they related eventually disappears when the critical stimulus is repeatedly presented alone that is without the unconditioned critical stimulus When a seemingly extinct critical response reappears if we present the critical stimulus again hours or even days later Spontaneous Recovery How are they similar Renewal Effect Renewal Effect different from the one in which the animal acquired it Occurs when we extinguish a response in a setting What is generalization Give an example Stimulus Generalization Process by which the critical responses that are similar but not identical to the original critical stimulus elicit a critical response Occurs along a Generalization Gradient The more similar to the original critical stimulus the new critical stimulus is the stronger the critical response will be What is behaviorism What famous psychologists considered themselves behaviorists LECTURE John Watson considered himself a Behaviorist o Wrote the Behaviorist Manifesto Behaviorism An approach that combines elements of philosophy methodology and theory Focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behavior What was John Watson s famous experiment What did it show was different from Pavlov s experiments Little Albert Allowed a child to play with a rat Seconds afterward Watson snuck behind the child and mad a loud noise making the child cry After seven pairings of the rat and the uncontrolled stimulus Little Albert displayed a conditioned response to the rat alone Albert displayed stimulus generalization not only in response to rats but also to other furry animals What are the two types of reinforcement How do they differ How are they the same Positive Reinforcement When we administer a stimulus o Giving a child a candy bar when he picks up his toys When we take away a stimulus Negative Reinforcement o Ending a child s time out for bad behavior once she s stopped In both cases the most frequent outcome is an increase or strengthening of the response o Only if the make the response more likely to occur in the whining future What is punishment and how is it different from reinforcement What is positive punishment Negative punishment Punishment Positive Punishment Administering a stimulus that the organism Any outcome that weakens the probability of a response wants to avoid such as a physical shock or a spanking or an unpleasant social outcome like laughing at someone Involves the removal of a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience such as a favorite toy or article of clothing Negative Punishment Why is punishment less effective than reinforcement for shaping behavior Punishment tells the organism only what not to do not what to do A child who s punished for throwing a tantrum won t learn how to deal with frustration more constructively Punishment often creates anxiety which can interfere with future learning Punishment may encourage subversive behavior prompting people to become sneakier about the situations in which they can and can t display forbidden behavior A child who s punished for grabbing his brother s toys may learn to grab his brother s toys only which his parents aren t looking Punishment from parents may provide a model for children s aggressive behavior A child whose parents slap him when he misbehaves may get the message that slapping is acceptable What is the Skinner Box of the animal s activity Electronically records an animal s responses and prints out a graph Contains a bar that delivers food when pressed a food dispenser and often a light that signals when reward is forthcoming Skinner studied the behavior of rats pigeons and other animals and mapped out their responses to reward What are the four different reinforcement schedules What kind of responding does each elicit Fixed Ratio Schedule o Provide reinforcement after a regular number of responses Ex We could give a rat a pellet after it presses the lever in a Skinner box 15 times Variable Ratio Schedule o Provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average but the precise number of responses required during any given period varies randomly Ex Pigeon with an average ratio of 10 might receive a piece of bird feed after 6 pecks then after 12 pecks then after 1 o VR schedules usually yield the highest rates of responding of o We can find VR schedules specifically at casino s Slots all Roulette etc Fixed Interval Schedule o Provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once after a specified amount of time has passed Ex Worker in a clock factory might get paid every Friday for the work she s done as long as she s generated at least on clock during that 1 week interval o This pattern reflects the fact that the animal waits for a time after it receives reinforcement and then increases its rate
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