Personality Assessment Lecture 4 1 Know the four ways to measure personality and be able to recognize examples Exam 2 Study Guide a Ask them self report i Ex Job interview questionnaires b Ask other people other report i Ex Ask friends and family of participant c Situational tests i Ex Put them in a situation where they could act vampiric 2 Know the advantages and disadvantages of self report data d Biological tests i Ex Blood pressure a Disadvantages i People can lie 1 Ex job interview questionnaires ii There are things people don t even know about themselves i There are many things people know about themselves that no one else b Advantages does a Advantages 3 Know the advantages and disadvantages of other report data i More naturalistic ii Can assess across social situations b Disadvantages i Observer may be biased 4 Know the advantages and disadvantages of situational test a Disadvantages behavior b Advantages i Participants might guess what is being measured and then alter their ii Participants may interpret testing situation different than intended iii Researcher might influence behavior Use measures that directly assess job relevant behaviors i ii Can be administered in bulk either via pen and paper or on line 5 Understand the difference between reliability and validity i A test is valid if it measures what it claims to measure a Validity b Reliability i Consistency ii Doesn t have to be valid as long as you get the same answer every single time relate to 6 Define four types of validity and be able to recognize examples of each a Face validity does it on the surface appear to measure the trait b Predictive validity does your measure predict behaviors related to that trait c Convergent validity does your measure correlate with other behaviors it should d Discriminant validity Is the measure uncorrelated with unrelated traits 7 Define two types of reliability and be able to recognize examples of each a Test retest reliability the extent to which a test s results are consistent over time i Ex changes in diseases or treatment b Internal consistency a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test i Ex If a respondent expressed agreement with the statements I like to ride bicycles and I ve enjoyed riding bicycles in the past and disagreement with the statement I hate bicycles this would be indicative of good internal consistency of the test 8 Define generalizability a A scale is generalizable i ii If a scale is valid across various groups If a scale is valid across various situations 9 Be able to apply the two things you can say to sound smart when people talk about research this will make sense after the lecture a Correlation does not equal causation b Maybe the relationship is curvilinear From the book Ch 4 pages 125 130 stop before Trait Inventories 10 What is the construct approach to test construction a The construct approach begins with a clear conceptual definition of the trait of interest usually embedded in a larger personality trait b After defining the trait you would begin writing items which are the test questions or statements c Then you would administer the item pool to a large number of individuals and examine the results to determine which items should be retained in the final version d The next step would be to examine the empirical results For instance you would probably perform an item analysis e The final step would be to examine the extent to which the trait measure predicts behavior 11 What does an item analysis tell you a A procedure in test construction whereby the investigator determines the relative contribution of each item to the total score on the test Traits and Trait Taxonomies Theoretical Issues Lecture 5 1 Know the four perspectives on traits covered in lecture and be able to describe how they are different see table on page 110 for a review a Two perspectives claim traits can cause behavior i Neurophysiological substances 1 Traits are biological differences that can cause behavior to occur ii Behavioral dispositions 1 Traits are tendencies to behave a certain way b Two other perspectives claim that traits do not cause behavior 1 Traits are descriptive categories for behavior traits exist i Act frequencies objectively ii Linguistic categories 1 Traits are linguistic categories for behavior Traits are all in our 2 Know the four main features of a trait minds Internal stable attribute a b Conceived in bipolar terms continuum c Seen as additive and independent d Broad differences in socioemotional functioning 3 Be able to describe the three approaches to developing trait taxonomies a Lexical all important traits are apparent in language b Statistical give people questionnaires and analyze using factor analysis c Theoretical a theory determines which traits are important 4 Know which characteristics are studied under Eysenck s model of personality and be able to describe each a Extraversion Introversion E i Extraversion sociable lively active assertive sensation seeking ii Introversion quiet less social b Neuroticism Emotional Stability N i Moody anxious insecure c Psychoticism P i Solitary lack empathy cruel inhumane aggressive prefer strange unusual things impulsive antisocial 5 Know the two dimensions of the Interpersonal Circumplex and how those dimensions correspond to Big Five traits a Dominant submissive i e agency i Argued to directly map onto Extraversion b Friendly Hostile i e communion i Argued to directly map onto Agreeableness 6 What is the most widely accepted model for personality and why is it widely accepted a Five Factor Model b Most widely accepted because i Found by many researchers using different samples ii Has been replicated for 50 years and in many languages iii Replicated using different item formats 7 Be able to list and apply the five personality characteristics recognized as the Big Five e g if I give you an example of a person behaving in a specific way you should be able to identify what trait that behavior likely reflects a Openness to Experience i Fantasy ii Aesthetics iii Feelings iv Actions v vi Values Ideas b Conscientiousness i Competence ii Order iii Dutifulness iv Achievement striving v Self discipline vi Deliberation c Extraversion d Agreeableness i Warmth ii Gregarious iii Assertive iv Active v Excitement seeking vi Positive emotions i Trust ii Straightforwardness iii Altruism iv Compliance v Modesty vi Tender mindedness e Neuroticism i Anxiety ii Angry hostility iii Depression
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