Learning Behaviorism Associative Learning learning that certain events occur together People would associate ideas together when they repeatedly followed the same ideas Ivan Pavlov Physiology did not consider himself a psychologist Interested in the digestive tendencies of dogs B F Skinner Followed Watson as the leader of Behaviorism Used Thorndike s ideas for operant conditioning Skinner box John Watson Behaviorism The original behavioral psychologist Popularized classical conditioning in people Very successful in advertising using CC principles Edward Thorndike Thorndike s Law of Effect Rewarded behavior is likely to recur Puzzle box Classical Conditioning learning a new behavior via the process of association Two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal Involves making associations with INVOLUTARY responses 3 stages Operant Conditioning a type of learning in which an individual s behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences Involves increasing or decreasing the likelihood of a VOLUNTARY response Observational Conditioning Bandura The process of acquiring information by observing others Bandura s Social Learning Theory he believes that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences Observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work Neutral Stimulus NS The stimulus that originally elicits no response Bell Unconditioned Stimulus UCS Stimulus that automatically produces a response Dog food Unconditioned Response UCR Automatic response to a stimulus Salivation Conditioned Stimulus CS Originally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a conditioned response Bell Conditioned Response CR Learned response to previously neutral stimulus Salivation Extinction Repeating Conditioned Stimulus without Unconditioned Stimulus Bell w no food Spontaneous Recovery Presenting previous Conditioned Stimulus with Unconditioned Stimulus Generalization refers to a process within operant and classical conditioning where a conditioned response starts occurring in response to the presentation of other similar stimuli not just the conditioned stimulus Similar bell Experimental Neurosis A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task typically one that involves aversive stimuli In one of Ivan Pavlov s experiment with dogs the dogs started to snap at the handlers after they couldn t distinguished the circle and the ellipse from each other Black Box in Behaviorism Explains the behaviorist approach about learning i e the learner is a black box and nothing is known about what goes on inside Knowing what s inside the black box is not essential for determining how behavior is governed by its environmental antecedents and consequences Little Albert Watson exposed a child to a series of stimuli white rat a rabbit a monkey masks and burning newspapers and observed the boy s reactions he showed no fear The next time he was shown the rat Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer Naturally the child began to cry after hearing the loud noise After repeatedly pairing the white rat with the loud noise Albert began to cry simply after seeing the rat He eventually died at the age of six of hydrocephalus a build up of fluid in his brain Law of Effect Edward Thorndike stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped Skinner box Operant Conditioning Chamber Chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforce Contains devices to record responses The goal of the operant chamber is to SHAPE behavior Continuous Reinforcement an organism is reinforced every single time that organism provides the appropriate operant response Intermittent Reinforcement rewards or personal boundaries are handed out or enforced inconsistently and occasionally This usually encourages another person to keep pushing until they get what they want from you without changing their own behavior Positive Reinforcement getting something positive for behavior increases behavior getting a blue ribbon Negative Reinforcement Taking away something negative headache increases behavior taking aspirn Positive Punishment getting something negative for behavior reduces behavior writing on blackboard Negative Punishment taking away something positive for behavior reduces behavior timeout Fixed Ratio coffee punch card where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses Variable Ratio pulling slot machine lever when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses Fixed Interval you re paid every 2 weeks where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed Variable Interval checking email or voicemail when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed Be able to answer the following questions to prepare for your exam Pavlov was originally interested in the digestive tendencies of dogs He hooked his dogs up to a fistula or harness and collection tube When the dogs began salivating not only to the meat but to the research assistants bringing out the food he switched his topic of study to classical conditioning Discrimination negative behavior towards members of an out group John Watson was a behaviorist that conducted research on animal behavior child rearing and advertising Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations rather than the internal mental state of those people Convinced consciousness could not be studied Watson s opinion on the development of children was that nothing is instinctual rather everything is built into a child through the interaction with their environment Parents therefore hold complete responsibility since they choose what environment to allow their child to develop in when working with advertisement he created an ad that had sex appeal he was not making original contributions but was just doing what was normal practice in advertising He retired from advertising at about age 65 On the nature vs nurture debate behaviorists believe everything is built into a child through the interaction with their environment Behaviorists believe that knowing what s inside the black box is not essential for determining how behavior is governed by its
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