Sensation and Perception Reading assignment Chapter 4 pp 126 130 151 159 Objectives 1 Be able to define and differentiate between sensation and perception Sensation refers to the detection of physical energy by our sense organs eyes ears skin tongue or nose which then relays information to the brain Perception is the brains interpretation of these raw sensory inputs 2 What is transduction What are sensory receptors How do they work together Transduction process by which the nervous system converts an external stimulus into electrical signals within neurons Sense receptor specialized cell that tranduces a specific stimulus Sensory adaptation activation is greatest when stimulus is first detected 3 What is psychophysics What is absolute threshold Be able to give an example What is just noticeable differences Be able to give an example What is Weber s law Psychophysics the study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics Absolute threshold lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50 of the time JND the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect Weber s Law there is a constant proportional relationship between JND and original stimulus 4 What are the three things our brain integrates to perceive What do we often sacrifice to perceive intensity We perceive motion faces and depth 5 What is parallel processing What is cross modality What is the McGurk effect and how does it demonstrate cross modality What is synthesia Synthesia a rare condition in which people experience cross modal sensations like hearing sounds 6 Be able to define and differentiate between top down processes and bottom up processes What are each of when they see colors these processes driven by a Top down processes due to expectations context and experience i Mullers Lyer Illusion 7 What are three reasons that top down processing is so important a Allows us to focus on what is important b Allows us to process our environment quickly c More efficient i Examples ii Perceptual sets iii Perceptual constancy iv Gestalt principles 8 What are perceptual sets Be able to give an example Perceptual sets occur when our expectations influence our perceptions 9 What is perceptual constancy What are the three types of perceptual constancy Be able to define and give an example of each o Allows us to Perceptual constancy perceiving stimuli consistently across various conditions Be flexible and navigate the world as conditions change Ex Three way mirror Maintain object recognition Includes shape size and color 1 Shape Constancy still recognize the object even if the shape changes due to perspective a Ex Closed and an open door 2 Size Constancy perceive objects as same size no matter their distance a Expanding shrinking tells us that distance from their distance b People seem smaller when they are farther away then when someone is standing right next to you c Man on bridge a Checker board shadow 3 Color Constancy ability to perceive color consistently across different illumination 10 From the textbook What does gestalt refer to Know and be able to give examples of the six gestalt principles that your book discusses proximity similarity continuity closure symmetry figure ground Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure objects physically close to each other tend to perceived as unified wholes all things being equal we see similar objects as comprising a whole much more so than dissimilar objects If patterns of red and yellow circles are randomly mixed we perceive it as nothing special But if the red and yellow circles are lined up horizontally then we perceive separate rows of circles is a contour the principle is essentially the same as subjective contours aren t to be the central figure and largely ignore what we believe to be the background when partial visual info is present our brains fill in what is missing When the missing info we perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that perceptually we make instantaneous decisions to focus attention on what we believe we still perceive objects as wholes even if other objects block part of them Figure ground Symmetry 11 What is depth perception Why is it necessary The visual ability to see the world in 3D Necessary to pick up on monocular cues variety of depth cues to see the world in 3D 12 Be able to define and give an example of each of the seven monocular cues discussed in class motion the texture of objects become less apparent as objects move farther away all things being equal more distant objects look smaller than closer objects parallax interposition relative size height in plane familiar size aerial perspective texture gradient and linear perspective Relative size Texture gradient Linear perspective Interposition the outlines of rooms or buildings converge as distance increases a fact exploited by artists We can trace most lines in a scene to a point where they meet the vanishing point In reality lines in parallel never meet but they appear to do so at great distances in a scene distant lower objects tend to appear higher and nearer objects lower objects cast shadows that give us a sense of their three dimensional form one object that s closer blocks our view of an object behind it Height in plane Light and shadow 13 Be able to define the two binocular cues discussed in class What is stereopsis What is a stereogram Binocular cues o Binocular disparity our left and right eyes transmit quite different info for near objects but see distant objects similarly o Binocular convergence our eye muscles to turn our eyes inward a phenomenon called convergence Our brains are aware of how much your eyes are converging and use this info to estimate distance when we look at nearby objects we focus on them reflexively by using 14 How does our brain perceive motion selective attention generally beneficial 15 What are two ways in which we selectively attend to our environment discussed in class Why is this 16 What is change blindness How does it work What are the two types of disruptions that can cause change blindness Why does change blindness occur and how does it relate to the way our brain perceives motion How is change blindness related to attention Learning Reading assignment Textbook Chapter 6 pp 206 236 Objectives 1 What is learning o Any change in an organisms behavior or thoughts due to experience 2 What is classical conditioning Know the process of classical
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