PSY 2012 General Psych Exam 2 Study Guide Highlighted information is what Yoon focused on during the review session Chapter 7 Memory 1 3 Stages of memory o Sensory Memory Brief storage of perceptual info before it is passed to short term memory approximately 20 seconds before passing some of it along to the long term memory o Short Term Memory Memory system that retains info for limited durations Working Memory Memory system that holds onto info currently being thought about attended to or actively processed o Long Term Memory weeks months years or even a lifetime Permits us to retain important info for minutes days Memory The 3 stages of memory differ in span how much information each system can The retention of information over time hold and duration how long can that system hold that information 2 3 stage processing model of memory proposed by Atkinson Shiffrin Process of getting info into our memory banks no encoding no Process of keeping info in our memory Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory o Encoding memory o Storage o Retrieval stores Explains how information gets transferred into long term memory and gets back out again when we need it 3 2 types of sensory memory o Iconic Memory o Echoic Memory professor s lecture Visual sensory memory example watching TV Auditory sensory memory example taking notes on a 4 3 functions of working memory and report its average capacity o Brief storage for info you re currently processing o Helps to coordinate ongoing mental activities o Keeps info active and accessible The average capacity of the short term working memory or the magic number is 7 2 items 5 Explain how chunking may enhance access to information in the short term Organizing info into meaningful groups allowing us to extend the o Chunking span of short term memory By organizing 15 items into 5 meaningful groups of 3 items the amount of information memorized is actually decreased which increases one s ability to successfully memorize the sequence o KACFJNABISBCFUI is much more difficult to memorize within a few seconds in comparison to CIAUSAFBINBCJFK The second sequence is much easier to memorize since it can be chunked into CIA USA FBI NBC JFK 6 What is the serial position effect What is the source of primacy What is the Tendency to remember items at the beginning and the source of recency o Serial Position Effect end of a list the best and the items in the middle the worst o Primacy Effect especially well o Recency Effect well Tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list Tendency to remember items at the end of a list especially o The last items on the list are usually recalled a bit more easily since they were the last words read and there is less interference therefore the short term memory is responsible for the recency effect o The earlier items are usually recalled more easily because there was more time for them to be silently rehearsed and memorized therefore the long term memory is responsible for the primacy effect 7 How does long term memory differ from short term working memory o Long term memory can hold a significantly larger amount of info in comparison to short term memory which is usually limited to the magic number 5 9 items o Info stored in the long term memory lasts much longer than info that is temporarily stored in the short term memory o Mistakes in long term memory differ from mistakes in short term memory Long term memory errors are usually semantic based on the meaning of the info we received while short term memory errors are usually acoustic based on the sound of the info we received 8 Be able to distinguish between implicit and explicit memory Memories we don t deliberately remember or reflect on Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have o Implicit Memory consciously conscious awareness o Explicit Memory Both semantic and episodic memory are examples of explicit memory Our knowledge of facts about the world Recollection of events in our lives o Semantic Memory o Episodic Memory Implicit memory is exemplified by procedural memory and priming as well as habituation and classical conditioning which was discussed in chapter 6 o Procedural Memory Memory for how to do things including motor skills and habits o Priming we ve encountered similar stimuli Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after 9 Contrast the recall recognition and relearning measures of memory o Recall o Recognition o Relearning Generating previously remembered info on our own Selecting previously remembered info from an array of options Reacquiring knowledge that we d previously learned but largely forgotten over time usually takes less time than learning something for the first time When taking a test it is much easier to pass a multiple choice test than a short answer test because it is much easier to recognize info learned than to completely recall info on our own without any suggestions 10 What is the DRM paradigm What do we use it to study A procedure in cognitive psychology used to study false o DRM Paradigm memories in humans 11 Explain how misinformation can distort our memory of an event Also why might it be difficult to distinguish between true and false memories o Misinformation Effect Creation of fictious memories by providing misleading info about an event after it takes place Example The experiment in which participants watched a car accident and then were asked to describe the car s MPH when the two cars smashed hit or contacted one another The word chosen by the experimenter influenced the participant s memory of the accident and mislead them to recall the MPH as significantly higher when a more violent verb was used Our memory doesn t work like a camera we can forget as well as add info to our memories intentionally or unintentionally Memory is an active constructive process therefore our memories are susceptible to misinformation and may be distorted to fit a specific desire 12 How are memory experts such as S F and Rajan able to accomplish their amazing feats o Natural limits of memory can be stretched when practice and memory techniques such as chunking memory palace etc are implemented Rajan uses chunking to memorize pi digits Joshua Foer uses a memory palace or the method of Loci to memorize speeches a deck of cards etc 13 What is levels of processing What does deep processing refer to Depth of transforming info which influences how easily The more deeply we process info the better we tend
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