Vocab Ch 6 a change in behavior as a result of experience Learning Habituation Classical Conditioning previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli form of learning in which animals come to respond to a Unconditioned Stimulus UCS Unconditioned Response UCR automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that elicits an automatic response ex meat powder in Pavlov s experiment stimulus that does not need to be learned ex salivation Conditioned Response CR nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning in other words it is the same as the unconditioned response but is elicited by a neutral stimulus rather than a nonneutral stimulus ex salivation in response to the metronome Conditioned Stimulus CS response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus ex metronome initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a Response previously associated with a process by which a conditioned stimulus similar to the original reduction and elimination of the conditioned response after the Generalization stimulus causes a conditioned response developing a conditioned response to a conditioned Higher Order Conditioning stimulus because of its association with another conditioned stimulus ex Tyler s dog barking at the sound of the UPS truck new stimulus that elicits a response Extinction conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus ex Pavlov s dogs did not salivate CR anymore in response to the metronome if the metronome was constantly ringing CS and no food UCS was brought to them so metronome CS no meat UCS no salivation CR Spontaneous Recovery after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus ie conditioned response comes back when the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response are paired again Operant Conditioning behavior rewarded behavior is more likely to occur Reinforcement learning controlled by the consequences of the organism s sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring introduces a reward something good Positive Reinforcement takes something aversive away ex take away Negative Reinforcement cigarettes get withdrawal symptoms increases behavior of smoking have a headache take an aspirin increases behavior of taking aspirin Punishment decreases likelihood of bahavior recurring introduces something bad takes away something desirable Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Fixed Ratio Schedule responses provide reinforcement after a certain regular number of provide reinforcement after a certain regular time provide reinforcement after a certain number of Variable Ratio Schedule responses but the number varies ie reinforcers are at random Fixed Interval Schedule interval Variable Interval Schedule Token Economy charts an action or behavior provide reinforcement after a varied time interval set up to reinforce good behaviors and eliminate bad ones ex star Mirror Neurons neurons in the prefrontal cortex that fire when the animal observes Ch 7 retention of information over time Memory Sensory Memory passed to short term memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory visual sensory info auditory sensory info brief storage less than 1 sec of perceptual info before it is retains info for limited durations about 10 30s easy to loss of information from memory over time loss of info from memory because of competition from additional Short Term Memory access but limited capacity Decay Interference information Retroactive Proactive new info interferes with old memories old memories interfere with new learning repeating info to extend the duration of retention in short term memory enduring retention of info stored slower to access but large Rehearsal Long Term Memory capacity Explicit Memory Implicit Memory consciously memories we recall and have active awareness of Semantic Memory Episodic Memory knowledge of facts facts figures definitions recollection of events memories we do not deliberately remember or think about memories of how to do things motor skills habits ability to identify a stimulus more easily after encountering similar Procedural Memory Priming stimuli encoding in a meaningful way to improve memory depth of process of getting info into memory reactivation of experiences from memory stores Levels of Processing transforming info influencing how we remember it Encoding Retrieval Retrieval Cue Recall Recognition about an event after it takes place Misinformation Effect generating previously remembered info hint that makes it easier to recall info selecting previously remembered info from an array of options creation of fake memories by providing misleading info Ch 8 9 Thinking remembering perceiving communicating believing and deciding Cognitive Bias systematic error in thinking any mental activity or processing of information including learning difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one meaning derived from words and sentences Morpheme heuristic mental shortcut that involves judging the heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an tendency to overestimate how well we could have predicted largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols in grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful step by step learned procedure used to solve a problem phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem solving strategy category of sounds our vocal apparatus produces ma da pa smallest meaningful unit of speech words prefixes suffixes Representative Heuristic probability of an event by its similarity to a prototype stereotyping Availability Heuristic occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our mind Hindsight Bias something after it has already occurred Algorithm Mental Set inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives Functional Fixedness purpose can be used for another Language rule based ways to create meaning Phoneme Syntax strings the structure of a language Semantics g general intelligence hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence domains of intellectual skill Triarchic Model types of intelligence analytical practical and creative Stanford Binet IQ Test and Simon adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University Intelligence Quotient IQ in their intelligence intelligence test Culture Fair
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