Emotion and Motivation Objectives Reading Assignment Chapter 11 pp 412 421 432 435 438 447 452 Objectives 1 Be able to describe and differentiate between the three theories of emotion discussed in class Cannon Bard Theory physiological reaction and emotional reaction happen simultaneously but independently James Lange Theory we infer our emotions from physiological arousal Schachter Singer Theory Emotions result from both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation working together 2 What is the facial feedback hypothesis How does it support the James Lange theory of emotion Facial Feedback hypothesis feedback from facial muscles evokes magnifies emotions James Lange Theory we infer our emotions from physiological arousal 3 Be able to describe the Dutton Aron bridge study How does it support the Schachter Singer theory of emotion What is excitation transfer and how does the bridge study demonstrate this phenomenon Schachter Singer theory emotions result from both physiological arousal and cognitive o 1st emotion triggering stimulus o 2nd physiological o 3rd cognitive interpretation o 4th emotional reaction interpretation working together Evidence o Dalton Aron 1974 o Meet a woman on a scary vs a stable bridge o More likely to call when on the scary bridge Excitation transfer when arousal is misattributed 4 What is discrete emotion theory Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology o Each emotion serves a specific function Historically psychology has grouped emotions broadly o Positive vs negative emotions 5 What is the function of disgust How does physical disgust relate to moral disgust How does the Eskine et al disgust study support the relationship between physical disgust and moral disgust Moral Disgust o Stems from physical disgust o Leads us to avoid and condemn socially deviant behavior Eskine et al 2011 o Ate bitter vs sweet food o Read about moral transgression o Bitter foods elicited moral disgust Helped us to avoid harmful things o E g poisonous and disease causing o Bitter foods o Bodily discharge o Dead things o Certain animals bugs snakes rats o Poor hygiene o Body envelope violations 6 What is guilt and what does it motivate us to do In what ways is guilt different from shame Guilt negative emotion associated with a specific instance of behaving badly wrongly o Guilt motivated us for Make amends Act pro socially Avoid bad behavior Guilt vs Shame o Guilt about a specific act constructive o Shame about whole person destructive 7 What did Ekman do to examine whether emotions and their expressions are universal What are the six primary emotions that are distinguished by universally recognized facial expressions that Ekman originally identified Ekman originally identified six primary emotions with distinct expressions that appear to be universal o Move same muscles for those emotions across cultures o Evidence from blind individuals 1 Joy 2 Anger 3 Surprise 4 Disgust 5 Sadness 6 Fear Also contempt and pride 8 What are two reasons why facial expressions might be universal Communication o Babies and parents o Communicate information social and environmental Physical movement is functional o Fear widening eyes o Disgust opening mouth 9 What are display rules How do U S and Japanese people differ when it comes to display rules How does the Matsumo Ekman study support these cultural differences Display rules culturally specific rules about expression of emotion o U S tend to intensify expression o Japan tend to mask expression Matsumo and Ekman Study o Japanese and U S students view photos o Japanese said person was feeling emotion more intensely 10 From the textbook What is affective forecasting Do we tend to be accurate or inaccurate about our own emotions About others emotions Affective forecasting ability to predict our own and other s happiness We overestimate the long term impact of events on our moods 11 From the textbook What is durability bias What is the hedonic treadmill What is motivation Durability bias belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than do good Hedonic treadmill tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances 12 Know the drive reduction theory of motivation What is homeostasis Be able to give an example of how our body attempts to maintain homeostasis Drive reduction theory certain drives motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states o E g hunger thirst sexual desire o Motivated to maintain homeostasis i e equilibrium 13 What are incentive theories of motivation Know the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Know the Lepper et al 1973 study and what it tells us about the effect of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation What are two possible reasons why extrinsic motivation has this effect on intrinsic motivation Incentive theories theories proposing that were often motivated by positive goals Intrinsic motivation motivated by internal goals o Painting because you enjoy it Extrinsic motivation motivated by external goals o Being paid to create a painting Extrinsic motivation appears to decrease intrinsic motivation Lepper et al 1973 o Preschool children asked to draw a picture Group 1 told they would receive reward Group 2 told about reward Group 3 no reward o Later children asked if they wanted to draw on their own o Results group 1 less likely than other groups to draw on their own 14 What are the three major contributors to liking Three major contributeds to liking o Similarity o Proximity o Attractiveness 15 Define the matching hypothesis Define mirroring How do these two things help relationships stay together Mirroring people who are close become more similar over time Matching hypothesis we choose people who are similar to us in many ways 16 Be able to describe the Festinger proximity study What were the three major findings of this study o Particularly attractiveness Lead to longer lasting relationships o Ex More similar couples likely to divorce Festinger proximity study o Apartment set up o Who was friends with who o Closer friends if doors were closer o On different floors and ends of hallways unlikely to become friends o People near staircases were particularly popular 17 What is the halo effect What are some cultural differences with this effect Halo effect people attribute positive traits to attractive people o In US success happiness popularity o In Korea honesty integrity 18 Be able to give examples of non romantic situations in
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