Study Guide Unit 2 Exam Learning 1 Be able to define and place in context the following unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned Stimulus conditioned response Unconditioned Stimulus stimulus that elicits an automatic response Unconditioned Response automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned Conditioned Stimulus initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Response response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning 2 What is higher order conditioning Higher order conditioning developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus helps explain why we feel thirsty after someone merely says coke on a sweltering summer day higher order conditioning stimulus are also known as occasion setters 3 What is extinction and spontaneous recovery and how are they related extinction gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus example after numerous presentations of the metronome without the meat powder Pavlov s dogs eventually stopped salivating this is an active process doesn t vanish completely spontaneous recovery sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimuus example Pavlov presented the CS alone again and again and extinguished the CR later he presented the metrenome CS again and the salivating CR returned Both are not permanent 4 What is generalization Give an example Generalization process by which conditioned stimuli similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditional response generalization gradient more similar to the original CS the new CS is the stronger the CR will be Example Pavlov found that dogs showed their largest amount of salivation to the original sound with progressively less salivation to sounds that were less and less similar to it in pitch adaptive allows us to transfer what we have learned to new things Example once we have learned to drive our own car we can borrow a friends car without needing a full tutorial on how to drive 5 What is behaviorism What famous psychologists considered themselves behaviorists Lecture Behaviorism is the school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observance behavior John Watson was the founder of behaviorism Watson and Rayner did their Little Albert study together white rat baby and banging 6 What was John Watson s famous experiment What did it show that was different from Pavlov s experiments Watson and Rayner did their Little Albert study together white rat baby and banging noises noises Watson and Rayner wanted to falsify the Freudian view of Phobias which proposes that phobias stem from deep seated conflicts burring in the unconscious It showed that even the conditioned stimulus can be controlled 7 What are the two types of reinforcement How do they differ How are they the same Reinforcement always increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring Positive introduces something positive example giving a child a treat when he picks up his toys Negative removal of an unwanted stimulus example ending a childs timeout for bad behavior once they have stopped whining Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring Positive introduces something negative example scolding when a dog chews on shoes Negative takes something desirable away example confiscating a favorite toy stopping a child from throwing temper tantrums 8 Why is punishment less effective than reinforcement for shaping behavior Reinforcement is more effective better outcomes requires fewer trials Punishments tell what not to do Creates anxiety Creates sneaky kids Agressive behavior in the kids 9 What is the Skinner Box B F Skinner devised a small chamber containing a bar that the cat presses to obtain food a food dispenser and often a light that signals when reward is forthcoming An electric device graphs the cats responses in the researchers absence 10 What are the 4 different reinforcement schedules What kind of responding to each elicit Reinforcement schedules pattern of reinforcing a behavior 4 Major fixed ratio provide reinforcement after a regular number of responses fixed interval provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once after a specified amount of time has passed variable interval provide reinforcement for producing the response after an average time interval with the actual interval varying randomly variable ratio provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average but the precise number of responses required during any given period varies randomly 11 What are some arguments for and against violent video games modeling real world violence in teenagers Scientists found that the number of homocides increased by 1 8 following widely publicized boxing matches 12 Describe the Bobo doll experiment and what it demonstrated about human learning processes Who conducted it Bobo Doll Experiment Experiment randomly assigned some children to watch the adult model punching the Bobo doll in the nose hitting it with a mallet sitting on it and kicking it around the room while shouting insults kids in turn did the same thing Extra Notes How is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning Target Behavior Classical elicited automatically Operant emitted voluntary Reward is Classical provided unconditionally Operant contingent on behavior Behavior depends on Classical autonomic nervous system Operant skeletal muscles Law of Effect Edward Thorndike rewarded behavior is more likely to recur Thorndikes puzzle box seemed to suggest that cats solve problems solely through trial and error Token Economy systems often set up in psychiatric hospitals for reinforcing appropriate behaviors and extinguishing inappropriate ones begin by identifying target behaviors shaping techniques Mirror Neurons cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions an animal both performs and observes that action these neurons seem tuned to extremely specific behaviors no one knows for sure what mirror neurons do or why they re in our brains mirror neurons become active when we watch someone similar to us performing a
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