Exam 4 review The self The self is a broad term that encompasses the parts of human behavior that require or are altered by self reflection o Three types Self concept Who am I Self esteem Am I good or bad Social Identity Who am I in relation to others Development o Infant Basic self awareness of own body Mirror test Recognizes own gender and age Self concept expands to family Self concept based on developing abilities o Ages 2 3 o Ages 3 4 o Ages 5 6 Social comparison Private self concept Can lie and keep secrets Theory of mind Recognize that others have their own minds o Adolescence Perspective taking leads to objective self awareness Which can lead to evaluation apprehension Being worried or nervous about how others perceive you Self schema Abstract knowledge structure about the self Self discrepancy theory o Actual self ought self and ideal self o Ideal self What you want to be More goal oriented and look for gains Promotion focus Opportunities Achievement pleasure o Ought self What you think others want you to be Paying attention to avoiding harm shame punishment ect Prevention focus Achievement relief Self esteem How you feel about yourself State vs Trait Time differences o State How a person feels about themselves at a particular moment in time o Trait How a person feels about themselves generally Global vs Specific Situational differences o Global How you feel about yourself in all domains o Specific How you feel about yourself in a specific domain People with higher self esteem o Happier less depressed more friends more satisfied with relationships worry less about rejection more attractive more intelligent conform less work harder on difficult tasks o Issues with self esteem 1 Self report a People will obviously report themselves as better when they have high self esteem 2 Correlation vs causation a Longitudinal study 3 Few people actually have low self esteem Self handicapping Non consciously engineering the situation so you cannot be responsible for failure o Example know you ll fail a test go out and party night before explain that you failed the test because you went out the night before Self esteem actually predicts o Initiative o Trying again after failure o Aggression If self esteem is fragile Social identity o Continuity o Contrast Identity crises o Identity deficit Lack of identity o Identity conflict Conflict between two identities Social interaction Three ways personality affects social interactions o Selection o Evocation What you choose Passively evoke from others o Manipulation Intentionally altering someone s behavior Selection of mates o Desired characteristics mutual attraction dependable emotional stability pleasing disposition o Complimentary needs vs attraction similarity Associative mating Matching on traits preferred o Objective personality vs meeting preferences Objective personality preferred What personality actually like is important High agreeable Low neuroticism High openness High conscientiousness o Shyness and risky situations Select environments to avoid feeling embarrassed Ex Avoid going to gynecologist because shy Risky because you may have an illness you don t know about o Other selection Empathy and volunteering extraversion and friends agreeableness and friends sensation seeking and risk taking Evocation Aggressive people evoke hostility from others o Hostile attribution bias Someone does something assume its for a hostile reason Expectancy confirmation Manipulation o Gender differences Women more likely to use crying Personality and tactics Extraversion o High extraversion coercion responsibility invocation o Low extraversion self abasement hardball Agreeableness o High agreeableness pleasure induction reason o Low agreeableness coercion silent treatment Conscientiousness Neuroticism o High conscientiousness reason o High neuroticism regression Openness o High Openness reason pleasure induction responsibility o Low Openness social comparison o Machiavellianism manipulative strategy of social interaction o High machs manipulate others Behave in exploitative self serving and deceptive ways Prefer loosely structured situations Prefer fewer rules Culture Three approaches o Evoked culture Environment o Transmitted culture Passed down o Cultural universals Universal Evoked o Created by differing environmental conditions and activating a predictable set of responses Cooperation and food consistency Inconsistent food o Cooperate o Don t know if will have food one day to the next o Hunting o Consistent Cultures of honor and food source o Respond aggressively to insult o Food source Herders Easy to be stolen from Culture of honor ruthlessness develops Don t need if have a farm because people cant steal your farm Conformity and disease prevalence o Higher disease higher levels of conformity Transmitted culture o Transmitted morals food smoking attire o Passed down from one person to the next Universal morals incest unjustified murder o Self concept Eastern Self concept more context dependent Talk about relationships more Interdependent o Accommodate to what others want o Collectivistic Western Talk about things that make them special from other people Independent o Assert what you want o Individualistic Criticism Small effect size Over simplification Overlap between cultures Personality disorders Maladaptive variations of common traits and motives Distorted cognitive processes Extreme variations Extreme variations in experienced emotions Distorted self concept Abnormal o Statistical definition o Social definition Not tolerated by culture DSM criteria o Impairments in self and interpersonal functioning o Show symptoms listed for specific disorder o Impairments stable across time and situation o Cannot be explained by age culture drugs abuse medical condition DSM criteria for PDs o Enduring pattern of experience and behavior o Pattern is rigid and displayed across a variety of situations o Has long history in the persons life Categories vs dimensions Categorical view o Either the person has a disorder or not o Disorder viewed as distinct and qualitative different from normal traits Dimensional view o Disorder viewed as a continuum o Not just either or o Extreme levels of normal traits DSM uses categorical Anxious Cluster 1 Avoidant personality disorder 2 Dependent personality disorder 3 Obsessive compulsive personality disorder Avoidant Dependent Feeling of inadequacy Low self esteem Restricts activities and relationships to avoid embarrassment
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