Exam 4 Personality Psychology Study Guide Cognitive Topics in Personality Lecture 10 1 Know what kinds of cognitive behavior personality psychologists study a Perception b c Goals and Beliefs Interpretation a Field Independent 2 What are the differences between field independent and field dependent individuals Know definition and behaviors that field independence dependence predicts i Context independent ii Focus in on details iii Better at screening out distracting info iv More interpersonally detached v Prefer natural sciences math engineering b Field Dependent i Context dependent ii Focus in on big picture iii Attentive to social cues iv Oriented toward others v Prefer social sciences and education In what ways can you measure field dependence a Measures used to assess field dependence i Rod and Frame test RFT 3 1 Align a rod within these frames so that the rod is vertical ii Embedded Figures Test EFT 1 Finding shapes in a larger design 4 Know the reducer augmenter theory a Reducer augmenter theory i Augmenter 1 Low pain tolerance 2 Nervous system amplifies subjective impact of sensory input ii Reducer 1 High pain tolerance 2 Nervous system reduces impact 3 Seek stronger stimulation 4 May use substances to change arousal level iii Similar pattern for emotional pain 5 What is the KFA What does it measure a Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect KFA b Estimate the length of this block by feeling it c What kind of errors do you think an augmenter would make d What kind of errors do you think a reducer would make i Overestimate i Underestimate 6 Know the basics of Kelly s personal construct theory and what personal constructs are 1 People want to understand predict and control events a Kellys Personal Construct Theory i Humans as scientists ii Examples of constructs 1 Friendly mean 2 Smart not smart 3 Boring interesting 4 Trustworthy dishonest iii Anxiety results from not being able to understand predict social events b Personal Constructs are used to Interpret and predict social events behaviors i ii Categorize people 7 What is locus of control and what does it predict a Locus of control i ii Interpretation of responsibility for events Internal LoC 1 You control and are responsible for major life outcome 2 More effort into work relationships 3 Higher well being iii External LoC 1 You are not in control other people decide what happens to you 2 More satisfaction in non responsive environments 8 What is learned helplessness a Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we cannot control b Not everyone responds to failure with learned helplessness c Explanatory style How people explain causes of events attributions 9 Know the various kinds of attributions and be able to identify examples of each a External or internal i External Internal ii It s something someone else s fault It s my fault b Stable or unstable i Stable ii Unstable It will never change it can always change c Global or specific i Global I am terrible at everything ii Specific I am bad at this particular task 10 Which types of attributions of failure are associated with learned helplessness a Internal stable Global 11 What is personal project analysis a You can use people s perception of their goals as a measure of personality 12 What do people s perceptions of their goals predict a People high on neuroticism i Rate projects as stressful likely to end in failure outside of their control b Perception of goals is related to happiness i Completing projects leads to life satisfaction 13 What are the achievement and aptitude views on intelligence a Achievement How much someone knows relative to others b Aptitude How easy it is for someone to learn relative to others 14 How do entity and incremental theorists view intelligence How does this predict their response to failure a Entity theorists fixed mindset Intelligence is unchangeable b Incremental theorists growth mindset Intelligence is changeable i i From the book Chapter 8 15 What does Kelly mean by range of convenience a Range of convenience i Kelly s concept of the extent to which a given personal construct is likely to guide a person s interpretation of events and the behavior he or she is likely to show 16 What is cognitive style according to the definition on page 308 a Cognitive style i Are people s characteristic and typically preferred modes of processing information Sternberg and Grigorenko 1997 17 What does the embedded square measure test a Embedded square measure test i A test of field independence field dependence in which a person attempts to find forms hidden in an embedding field 18 What is integrative complexity a Integrative complexity and integrated ways 19 What beliefs do depressive schemas entail i The extent to which a person sees and interprets events in differentiated a The overly negativistic frameworks for interpreting reality that depressed people often employ b Depressed people tend to recall more negative and unpleasant adjectives in memory tasks than do nondepressed people c They tend to have a difficult time recalling positive themes from stories d Depressed people tend to recall unpleasant memories more rapidly than pleasant ones e Depressed people tend to remember failures and forget successes Emotions Narratives Lecture 11 1 Know the difference between states and traits a States are transitory temporary i Generally caused by the situation ii Emotion how you feel RIGHT NOW b Traits are patterns of behavior i Generally caused by something within the individual ii Emotion how you usually feel 2 Know the two main individual differences in emotional reactions that personality psychologists are interested in a Differences in Content b Differences in Style i How easily an emotion can be elicited ii Intensity 3 What are the two ways to define happiness Judgement that life is satisfying a b More positive than negative emotions 4 Know how happiness relates to positive life outcomes a Happiness scores correlate with positive life outcomes i Higher income ii Higher quality marriages iii Longer life iv Less abusive and hostile v More helpful vi More creative vii More energetic viii More trusting 5 Know the relationship between happiness and the variables covered in class personality traits social desirability responses to mood inductions a Inducing happy moods increases the likelihood that someone will i Expect success ii Attribute success internally iii Start a conversation with a new person iv Like a stranger v Express interest in leisure activities
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