1 Define and be able to differentiate emotion mood and affect Emotion Conscious evaluative reaction to some event Mood Feeling state not clearly linked to some event Affect Automatic response good bad dimension 2 Distinguish between primary and secondary emotions Discrete Emotions Theory Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology Six primary emotions Primary emotions combine to form secondary emotions o Ex fear surprise alarm 4 Define display rules and describe some of the factors that affect how we display 3 List the six universal emotions Anger when a goal is blocked Fear threat Sadness loss Happiness positive experiences Disgust threat of contagion repulsion Surprise unexpected event emotions Display rules how and when to express emotion Factors shaping our own displays Cultural differences Power differences Gender differences Emotions are bi dimensional Arousal high vs low Valence pleasant vs unpleasant Effect on behavior depends on these levels Old View New View Domain specificity 5 Know the difference between the old view and the new view of emotion Effect of emotion is dependent upon specific emotion Emotion serves to motivate behavior most of the time 6 Describe three major theories of emotion including the James Lange theory Cannon Bard theory and the Schacter Singer theory James Lange Theory Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli Cannon Bard Theory Theory proposing that an emotion provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions Schacter Singer Theory Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state pf arousal along with an attribution explanation of that arousal 7 Define motivation and identify three perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior Motivation Physiological needs or desires that energize or direct behavior Drive Reduction Theory A physiological need creates an aroused tension state a drive that motivates organisms to seek need satisfaction o There s discomfort in not having the need met o Strength of drives is affected by arousal o Promotes survival and homeostasis o Physiological Aim Homeostasis equilibrium maintaining a balanced or constant state Incentive Theories Motivated behavior extends beyond satisfying drive o One piece of evidence for incentive theories is curiosity o Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Model o Emphasizes the prioritizing of diverse needs o Basic needs before higher level needs 8 Define homeostasis as used by drive reduction theorists Homeostasis To sustain life certain substances and characteristics of the body must be kept within a restricted range not too high or too low 9 Distinguish between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation People are motivated by internal goals Extrinsic motivation People are motivated by external goals 10 Describe Maslow s hierarchy of needs 11 Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered Everyone deviates is distressed or experiences dysfunction at times It s a matter of degree not either or 12 Describe Statistical Deviance Statistical Deviance A criterion of abnormal behavior based on an infrequency of occurrence in members of a population 13 Describe Subjective Distress Subjective Distress an individual s level of suffering or grief associated with painful memories 14 Describe Dysfunctional Behavior Dysfunctional Behavior Behavior that interferes with normal functioning and can be a risk to oneself or others 15 What is the DSM 5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition Groups disorders by category Checklist of observable symptoms for diagnoses o A name for a pattern of symptoms that are thought to indicate the presence of a disorder 16 Describe the goal and content Goal Helps psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders Content Provides list of diagnostic criteria and a set of decision rules for each condition 17 What are some major criticisms Not all criteria and decisions rules are based on scientific data High level of comorbidity Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model of psychopathology Reluctance on many to change cognitive misers individuals who want to simplify the world into black and white categories even if that s not accurate 18 Define comorbidity Comorbidity Co occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person 19 What is the difference between categorical model and dimensional with regard to evaluating mental illness Categorical Model Model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree Dimensional Model Model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind 20 Define anxiety disorders Illness Anxiety Disorder condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD continual feelings of worry anxiety physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning 21 Contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder Generalized Anxiety Defining feature Continually tense and uneasy even in the absence of any specific anxiety provoking stimulus Panic Disorder Defining Feature Panic Attacks Intense Fear Frightening Physiological Symptoms 22 Explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience For a fear to be diagnosed as a phobia it must restrict our life create considerable distress or do both 23 Describe the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder Defining Features Obsessions Recurrent and persistent distress causing thoughts Compulsions Repetitive behaviors driven by the obsession 24 Describe the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder Exposed to a traumatic event and reacted with intense fear helplessness or horror Re experiences trauma through Distressing recollections dreams Feeling of reliving trauma Intense distress physiological arousal when exposed to reminders 25 Define mood disorders Mood Disorder a psychological disorder characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person s mood 26 Contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder Major Depressive Disorder Depressive Episodes Major changes in sleep patterns weight level and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities anhedonia Manic Episode The opposite emotional extreme of depression Typically
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