1 PSY2012 Test 1 Review INDEX Notes Pages 1 19 Extra Credit Quiz Review Page 20 Extra Credit Quiz Review Answers Page 21 Study Guide Review Page 22 26 Introducing Psychology The Birth Development of Contemporary Psychology Psychology the scientific study of the mind brain and behavior Human Experience Mind Brain and Behavior o Ex literature philosophy history art science political o o Brain Behavior o Mind o Organ that functions the center of the nervous system Ex CT Scan MRI PET o Observable physical action or emotional display Ex Interviews Questionnaires Observation o Mental Abilities or Processes o Internal Subjective phenomenon s of functions and experiences Ex Attention Perception Memory Psychology Level of Analysis Biological o Neurological Physiological o Neurochemical o Molecular Psychological o Mental o o Behavioral Social Ex Learning o Molecular IQ Heredity o Neurochemical glutamate neurotransmitter o Neurological synapses fired during learning o Mental memory o Behavioral studying o Social teacher praise 2 PSY2012 Test 1 Review Multiple Determinism What causes someone to be a bully o Genes o o o Parenting style Peer pressure Inflated ego Individual Differences o Variability in thinking o o o Emotion Personality Behavior Major Theoretical Framework Structuralism Founder Edward Titchener o Used introspection attempt to map the elements of consciousness o Systematic data collection and imperialism Founder William James o Functionalist Why do we forget things o Structuralism What is conscious thought like Introspection results in stream of consciousness not static elements o Functionalism Psychoanalysis Founder Sigmund Freud o Explored unconscious motivations that influence mental processes o Symbolic meaning o o Problem Ex Dream analysis The Freudian Slip o Many theories are unfalsifiable and thus unscientific Ex Is the dress gold and white or black and blue o Contribution o Recent evidence supports some mental processes occur outside of conscious awareness Behaviorism PSY2012 Test 1 Review Prominent Figures Founder John B Watson B F Skinner 3 o Viewed introspection as subjective o Argued scientific observation should be objective o o What occurs in the mind is irrelevant In order to be scientifically sound psychology should study exclusively behavior o o o Cognitivism Prominent Figures Founder Ulric Neisser Jean Piaget Cognition mental processes involved in thinking o o Behaviorist thinking is another form of behavior Cognitivists thinking affects our behavior Rewards and punishments are subjective Ex One man s trash is another man s treasure Learn through insight o Internally thinking of what we have perceived without having to go through the process of figuring it out o Advances in technology allow for observation of brain functioning during the Cognitive neuroscience thinking process DO NOT NEED TO KNOW YEAR OR NAMES OF PEOPLE Psychology Today Many psychologists work in universities self employed private companies local government schools or government Basic and Applied Research Basic Research test theories and seek to build a foundation of knowledge o Does vocabulary predict reading ability Ex Laboratory experiments o Applied Research strives to solve scientific problems o What reading interventions lead to improved reading ability later in life o Develop a reading program Ex Real world setting 4 PSY2012 Test 1 Review Scientific Thinking and Research Methods P 1 The Types of Mistakes We Make and Why Common Sense Hitting your head on a regular basis might lead to severe injuries Bragging about crimes in social media might get you arrested Na ve Realism belief that we see the world precisely as it is Na ve Realism a k a common sense realism Perception is Subjective Needs Nervous system biology Connotations Personality Previously formed cognitive patterns The more time students devote to studying the better they will perform academically Not always true Rather Deep learning is more effective than surface learning Modes of Thinking Analytical Thinking Relies on reason facts and data Slow and reflective Foundation of scientific method o Intuitive Thinking Relies on cognitive basis systematic error in thinking Quick and reflexive Used often in everyday life Heuristics mental shortcut o o General rule of thumb where things are typically correct to make a specific decision based on that Heuristic and not take into account any other options Pros Cons o o P Saves time and mental effort C Can lead us to wrong conclusions PSY2012 Test 1 Review 5 Example Kim enjoys classical music horseback riding tennis and polo shirts Does this mean that Kim is most likely rich Yes or No Representativeness Heuristic o Judging the probability of an event on how prevalent that event has been in past experience Ex Stereotyping Base Rate Neglect or Bias Example Many people assume if they can recall more words that begin with K than have K as the third letter that K words are more likely to appear in the text Example Has gun violence increased over the last 20 years We are inclined to say yes because of something that we might have seen in the news heard about mass shootings or any story involving a gun that has caused harm danger Judging things based on information currently available In memory Influenced by Yes or No Availability Heuristic Recent events Vivid Cases Heuristic s Aren t Bad Evolutionary advantage Early humans needed to make quick decisions often Many modern humans lead lives that demand making choices and high cognitive performance Truly necessary in order to function in the world Other Types of Biases Heuristics are biases born from cognitive economy Product of Motivation Ex 2 4 8 The above sequence follows a specific rule What is it Any set of 3 numbers in Increasing order This applies to conducting research that supports our theory and one that is contrary to our theory 6 PSY2012 Test 1 Review Biases Confirmation Bias tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them Ex King of Biases Ex Safeguarding against confirmation bias is known as double blind procedures Double blind procedure neither the researchers nor the participants are aware of the group assignments This is effective to prevent a support or denial of a specific experiment Belief Perseverance tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them Hindsight Bias tendency to believe after learning an outcome that I knew it all
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