The Self Lecture 13 1 What makes something part of the self a The self is a broad term that encompasses the parts of human behavior that require or are altered by self reflection 2 What is self concept When do the various parts of self concept develop a Self concept Who am I b Basis for self understanding c Development of self concept i Infant 1 Basic self awareness of own body ii Ages 2 3 iii Ages 3 4 iv Ages 5 6 1 Recognize own gender and age 2 Self concept expands to include family 1 Self concept based on developing abilities 1 Social comparison a What do I do b What do others do 2 Private self concept a Learn to keep secrets and lie 3 What is one way to test if a child or ape has self awareness a Self awareness test i Mirror test with dot on forehead 4 What is theory of mind and how can we test if a child has developed theory of mind i Understanding that others may have different perspectives and want a Theory of mind different things than you do b Theory of mind test 5 What is a self schema a Self schema negative events a Self complexity i Abstract knowledge structure about the self 6 What is self complexity How does self complexity affect how people cope with i Extent to which self schemas are differentiated and compartmentalized ii Complex self schema 1 If you fail you can say you failed in this domain and you did not fail at life iii Simple self schema If you fail at one domain you think you failed at life 7 What is self discrepancy theory What are ought selves and ideals selves 1 a Self discrepancy theory i A theory put forth by Higgins focusing on the emotional outcomes of various discrepancies among actual ideal and ought selves b Actual self c Ideal self i What you are i What you want to be ii Promotion focus iii Achievement pleasure d Ought self i What you think others want you to be ii Paying attention to avoiding harm shame punishment etc iii Prevention focus iv Achievement relief 8 How do those selves relate to promotion and prevention foci a Promotion foci Ideal self i ii What you need to do to pass b Prevention foci i Ought self ii What you need to do to not fail 1 Less achievement 9 What emotion do people feel when they achieve an actual self that matches their ought self Or an actual self that matches their ideal self a Ought self i Relief b Ideal self i Pleasure a Self esteem is 10 Know what self esteem is and what it s not i How you FEEL about yourself b Self esteem is not i Your beliefs about how capable you are ii Necessarily a reflection of reality 11 Know the differences between various kinds of self esteem a State vs trait i State 1 How a person feels about themselves at a particular moment in time ii Trait 1 How a person feels about themselves generally b Global vs specific i Global ii Specific 1 How you feel about yourself in general across domains 1 How you feel about yourself in a specific domain 12 Overall what is the relationship between self esteem and positive life outcomes Specifically what relationship was found between achievement and performance in the study of 3rd and 6th graders academic achievement a People with higher self esteem i Are happier ii Are less depressed iii Have more friends iv Are more satisfied with their relationships v Worry less about being rejected vi Are more attractive vii Are more intelligent viii Conform less ix Work harder on difficult tasks x Feel less lonely xi Have higher grades b Relationship b w achievement and performance i Higher self esteem doesn t predict better grades ii Higher grades does lead to higher self esteem 13 What are three potential issues with concluding that increasing a person s self esteem would lead to positive outcomes a Issue 1 b Issue 2 i Self report i Causality c Issue 3 i Very few people actually have LOW self esteem 1 Even if truly low self esteem DOES cause negative outcomes it s not a common problem 14 How does self esteem relate to initiative and responses to failure a What does high self esteem really predict Initiative i ii Trying again after failure iii Lack of eating disorders iv Having sex at an earlier age 15 Understand the three theories of self esteem that were covered in class What are the theories What does each theory have to say about self esteem a Terror Management Theory i Awareness of our own mortality existential anguish ii We cope with this through believing that we are individuals of value in a culture that will continue after we die iii SELF ESTEEM IS 1 A way for us to cope with the fact of our own mortality b Sociometer Theory i We have a fundamental need to belong ii Self esteem measures your belongingness iii SELF ESTEEM IS 1 A gauge of how well you are getting along with others c Self Determination Theory i Three needs 1 Competence a Feeling like you are able to effectively deal with the environment 2 Relatedness 3 Autonomy a Being connected to others a Being able to be the causal agent in your own life ii SELF ESTEEM IS autonomous 1 A reflection of the extent to which we feel competent related and From the book pages 321 328 16 What were the results of the study done by Hazel Markus on how people respond to self relevant information versus non self relevant information bottom of page 322 a Those student whose self schemas underscored dependence showed faster reaction times in response to dependent adjectives than they did to schema inconsistent independent adjectives and schema irrelevant adjectives b He concluded that the dependent schematics were accustomed to thinking of themselves as conforming obliging and so on and could therefore make these judgements more quickly The independent schematics showed a similar pattern of results with faster reaction times to independent adjectives 17 What did Laura King find about individual differences in participants lost selves pages 324 326 a Current happiness tends to be associated with the extent to which people are able to let go of their lost possible selves and invest energy in their current goals for the future b Women who showed the highest levels of psychological maturity tended to articulate especially clear and detailed elaborations on their lost possible selves 18 Which gap actual self being different ideal or ought predicts depression Which predicts anxiety a Discrepancies between actual and out self guides are associated with anxiety b Discrepancies between actual and ideal self guides are associated with depression Personality and Social Interaction Lecture 14 1 What is the person situation debate a
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