Reading Assignment Chapter 11 pp 412 421 432 435 438 447 452 Emotion and Motivation Objectives Objectives 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Be able to describe and differentiate between the three theories of emotion discussed in class 1 Cannon Bard Theory Physiological reaction and emotional reaction happen simultaneously but independently 2 James Lange Theory We infer our emotions from physiological arousal 3 Schachter Singer Theory Emotions result from both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation working together What is the facial feedback hypothesis How does it support the James Lange theory of emotion Facial Feedback Hypothesis Feedback from facial muscles evokes magnifies emotions The James Lange theory of emotion is the theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli So the Facial Feedback Hypothesis supports the James Lange theory of emotion because they both have to do with emotions and bodily reactions Be able to describe the Dutton Aron bridge study How does it support the Schachter Singer theory of emotion What is excitation transfer and how does the bridge study demonstrate this phenomenon Dutton Aron Bridge study Meet a woman on scary vs stable bridge Wanted to know would the type of bridge that guy meets her on affect whether or not the guy calls her later More likely to call when on scary bridge The Schachter Singer theory of emotion states that emotion is based on two factors physiological arousal and cognitive label Excitation transfer When arousal is misattributed Bridge study demonstrates Because the arousal towards woman was higher on the scary bridge Could be due to adrenaline What is discrete emotion theory Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology Each emotion serves a specific function What is the function of disgust How does physical disgust relate to moral disgust How does the Eskine et al disgust study support the relationship between physical disgust and moral disgust Function of disgust helps us to avoid harmful things Moral disgust stems from physical disgust Leads us to avoid and condemn socially deviant behavior Physical disgust relates to moral disgust moral disgust stems from physical disgust Study supports ate bitter vs sweet foods Read about moral transgressions Bitter foods elicited more moral disgust What is guilt and what does it motivate us to do In what ways is guilt different from shame Guilt negative emotion associated with a specific instance of behaving badly wrongly Guilt motivates us to make amends act prosocially avoid bad behavior Guilt is different from shame Guilt is about a specific act constructive Shame is about whole person destructive What did Ekman do to examine whether emotions and their expressions are universal What are the six primary emotions that are distinguished by universally recognized facial expressions that Ekman originally identified Ekman did Studied emotions expressions across cultures Read them a short story about someone Handed them different pictures of same girl with different facial expressions ask them to choose motion person in story was feeling 1 Joy 2 Anger 3 Surprise 4 Disgust 5 Sadness 6 Fear What are two reasons why facial expressions might be universal 1 Communication babies and parents Communicate information social and environment 2 Physical movement is functional ex Fear widening eyes What are display rules How do U S and Japanese people differ when it comes to display rules How does the Matsumo Ekman study support these cultural differences Display rules Culturally specific rules about expression of emotion U S and Japanese people differ U S tend to intensify expression Japanese tend to mask expression Matsumo Ekman study supports Study Japanese and U S students view photos Japanese said person was feeling the emotion more intensely From the textbook What is affective forecasting Do we tend to be accurate or inaccurate about our own emotions About others emotions Affective forecasting ability to predict our own and other s happiness Accurate or inaccurate about own emotions fairly accurate Accurate or inaccurate about others emotions not as accurate as we are at predicting own From the textbook What is durability bias What is the hedonic treadmill What is motivation Durability bias belief that our good and bad moods will last longer than they do Hedonic treadmill tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances Motivation Psychological drives that encourage us to engage in certain thoughts feelings and behaviors Motives propel us in a certain direction Know the drive reduction theory of motivation What is homeostasis Be able to give an example of how our body attempts to maintain homeostasis Drive reduction theory of motivation certain drives motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states Homeostasis level your body seeks to be at Equilibrium Example Heavy breathing after running gradually slows down What are incentive theories of motivation Know the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Know the Lepper et al 1973 study and what it tells us about the effect of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation What are two possible reasons why extrinsic motivation has this effect on intrinsic motivation Incentive theories of motivation theories proposing that we re often motivated by positive goals Intrinsic motivation motivated by internal goals Ex painting because you enjoy it Extrinsic motivation motivated by external goals Ex being paid to create a painting Lepper et Al study Preschool children asked to draw picture 3 groups Group 1 told would receive reward when done Group 2 not told about reward but given reward Group 3 no reward whatsoever Later asked children if they wanted to draw on their own Results group 1 less likely than other group to draw on own Conclusions extrinsic motivation undermined intrinsic motivation 1 When rewards stop interests stop 2 have to constantly keep giving rewards to get them to do stuff What are the three major contributors to liking 1 Similarity Promotes liking More attracted to people who are similar to us common attitudes common interests etc Mimicry 2 Proximity Physically closer more likely to become friends 3 Attractiveness belief that beautiful good 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Define the matching hypothesis Define mirroring How do these two things help relationships stay Matching hypothesis We choose people who are similar to us in many ways
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