Psych of Personality FINAL EXAM Learning Objectives Lecture 1 Chapter 1 1 Know the definition of personality discussed in class Personality A patterning of dispositional traits characteristic adaptations and integrative life stories set in culture and shaped by human evolution 2 What is the difference between personality traits and characteristic adaptations Characteristic adaptations are more flexible they depend on differing characteristics situations contextualized in time place and or role Motivational Factors Cognitive Factors values beliefs plans expectations etc Developmental Factors evolution of self identity over time 3 What are the main differences between personality psychology and the other related fields within psychology Developmental Psychology Personality psychology studies in what ways people stay the same how people change over time o Focuses on adulthood study of disorders Clinical Psychology Personality psychology is the study of normal functioning Social Psychology Personality psychology focuses on the person But Social and Personality Psych are very common in that you cannot study focus on the situation the situation without studying the person and vice versa In your book 4 Be able to recognize an example of a case study Case study an in depth investigation of a single individual sometimes conducted over a substantial period of time An example of a prospective case study might be to watch a group of people with a various disorder over a defined period of time By observing documenting any changes differences between the individuals it will be possible to see how the disorder progresses 5 Know what parsimony testability and generativity are a simpler and more straightforward explanation is generally Parsimony preferred to a more complex one research Testability hypothesis that can be readily evaluated tested through empirical Generativity a good theory should generate new research and new theorizing 6 Know the differences between correlational and experimental designs Correlational Experimental its effect on another variable of interest examinations of how variables RELATE to each other scientist manipulates alters one variable or interest to observe 7 Be able to recognize examples of positive and negative correlations Correlational Experimental its effect on another variable of interest examinations of how variables RELATE to each other scientist manipulates alters one variable or interest to observe 8 Know the difference between nomothetic and idiographic approaches Nomothetic approach Allport s term for an approach to personality study that seeks to discover general laws for all persons principals laws of behavior Idiographic approach Allport s term that he argued for that focuses on the uniqueness of the individual case ignores general laws to discern the specific and individual patternings of particular lives Lecture 2 Chapter 2 Evolutionary Psychology 1 How does natural selection work Offspring inherit traits that lead to success Heritable traits that last long enough for reproduction are more likely to enable an organism to survive 2 How is sexual selection different from natural selection Sexual selection is different in that even if a trait threatens survival it will be selected for as long as it helps reproduction 3 What is the difference between intrasexual competition and intersexual selection members of the same sex COMPETE with rivals for Intrasexual Competition access to mates Intersexual Selection preferences toward the opposite sex members of one sex CHOOSE a mate based on their 4 What is inclusive fitness Who would inclusive fitness predict we would save in an emergency We share genes with our family siblings so we help them to survive and reproduce We act in a way that makes sure our genes are replicated Your survival doesn t matter only the survival of your genes does Research shows that we would save our closest genetic relative ex Brother or sister examples of each Adaptations 5 What are the three kinds of products of evolution Be able to describe and recognize deals with an adaptive problem something that impedes survival reproduction and has some genetic basis ex Eyebrows sense of smell etc feature that doesn t affect reproduction ex Shape of earlobe side effects of adaptations ex Belly button By products Random Noise 6 Know the difference between proximate and ultimate explanations for behavior and be able to recognize examples of each Ultimate Why does it happen here and now ex I m in class because I was Proximate already on campus that behavior promote survival reproduction ex I m in class to be successful in life Why does it happen at all Bigger picture How does the function of From your book 7 What is sociosexuality the extent to which an individual will or will not insist on Sociosexuality closeness and commitment in an interpersonal relationship before engaging in sexual intercourse with the partner Lecture 3 Chapter 3 Conditioning 1 Know the difference between classical and operant conditioning Be able to recognize examples of each Classical conditioning training involuntary behaviors salivation startle reflex Pavlov studying salivary response in canines Conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell then bring out the food The bowl of food type of stimulus unconditioned stimulus elicits Salivation involuntary unconditioned response o Sound of bell conditioned stimulus elicits salivation without the food unconditioned response After dog is used to the sound of the bell present conditioned response Unconditioned stimulus puff of air Unconditioned response blink of the eye Operant conditioning training voluntary behaviors Reinforcement increases likelihood of response Punishment decreases likelihood of response Positive something presented Negative something removed you examples Attention 2 What is observational learning Observational learning Learning by seeing or reading about the world around 3 What are the steps necessary for observational learning Be able to recognize Pay attention to some people more than others strange looking someone in an unexpected place someone who is very attracted a person in a lab coat higher position Retention Motor reproductive processes Motivation Have to remember what you saw to reenact the behavior later if you see someone being rewarded motivation increases Actually have to do the behavior 4 What is social ecology Social ecology person s behavior and shape his or her life The many
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