1 Define intelligence Intelligence The ability to learn from experience solve problems and use knowledge to adapt when facing novel conditions 2 Identify the different models and types of intelligence Galton s theory that people with better senses acquire more knowledge Research showed different sensory capacities were only weakly related to each other Showed that measures of sensory ability are not highly related to intelligence Focused on higher mental processes reasoning understanding judgment Most now agree that intelligence has something to do with the capacity to understand Sensory Capacity Abstract Thinking theoretical concepts General vs Specific Abilities Positive correlations among items on IQ tests led to Spearman s development of g and s General intelligence g accounts for overall differences in intellect among people Our particular skills are reflected in our specific abilities s Intelligence is comprised of one overarching ability that underlies other abilities g general ability s specific abilities Factor Analysis A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items factors 3 Distinguish between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence Fluid Intelligence The capacity to learn new ways of solving problems Crystalized Intelligence The accumulated knowledge of the world we gain over time 4 Know the 8 intelligences included in Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences 5 Differentiate the 3 intelligences included in Sternberg s triarchic model of multiple intelligences Analytical intelligence is the ability to reason logically or book smarts Practical intelligence is the ability to solve real world problems or street smarts Creative intelligence is the ability to come up with novel and effective answers 6 Determine how psychologists calculate IQ and know what the deviation IQ eliminates Binet s concept of mental age led to the development of the intelligence quotient Modern IQ tests use a deviation IQ that eliminates age effects Compares each person to what is normal for his or her own age group 7 Define the Flynn effect The average IQ of the population has been rising by about 3 points every 10 years Most likely the result of environmental changes o Increased test sophistication o Increased complexity of modern world o Better nutrition o Changes at home and school 8 Define developmental psychology Developmental Psychology Study how behavior and mental processes change over the life span 9 Differentiate the continuity vs stage view of development Continuity view Change is uniform and gradual Stage view Change can be rapid with qualitatively different stages evident across the lifespan 10 Contrast cross sectional designs and longitudinal designs Cross sectional design measures age differences not intra individual change Longitudinal Designs studying intra individual change by looking at the same individuals over time 11 What are cohort effects Cohort Effects Sets of people who lived during one period can differ in some systematic way from sets of people who lived during a different period 12 Define schemas Schemas Mental representations of the world 13 Differentiate assimilation from accommodation Assimilation New info is interpreted in ways that fit existing schemas Make experience fit the schema Accommodation Existing schemas are adjusted to fit new info Make schema fit the experience 14 State Jean Piaget s understanding of how the mind develops As children age they advance through different stages of cognitive development All children advance through the stages in the same order Each stage is characterized by a different type of thinking Each stage is qualitatively distinct 15 Know Piaget s four stages of cognitive development including which age s each is associated and the defining characteristics of the stage Table 10 2 16 Understand object permanence and deferred imitation Object permanence The awareness that objects continue to exist even when they disappear from view Deferred Imitation The ability to perform an action observed earlier 17 Understand egocentrism and conservation Egocentric unable to adopt the perspective of another person Lack understanding of conservation The concept that physical properties of an object can remain the same despite superficial changes in appearance 18 Know some of the limitations to Piaget s theory of development Major criticism Cognitive development is much more continuous than suggested by Piaget s stage theory Recent research has shown that children may show some cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget thought 19 State Vygotsky s theory of how children s thinking develops Different children develop skills in different domains at different rates Social structuring on the part of the parent facilitates children s learning and development o Scaffolding Parents provide initial assistance in children s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent o Zone of proximal development Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction 20 Define scaffolding Scaffolding Parents provide initial assistance in children s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent 21 Define zone of proximal development Proximal Development Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction 22 Explain how attachment influences social development e g Harlow s experiment with monkeys Harlow s infant monkeys preferred a cloth wrapped artificial mother to a bare wire artificial mother that offered food Contact Comfort Warmth and comfort are important components of bonds between animals including humans 23 Differentiate the three different types of attachment styles Secure attachment 60 Upset when mom leaves but happy when returns Insecure avoidant attachment 15 20 Indifferent when mom leaves and returns Insecure anxious attachment 15 20 Panics when mom leaves and mixed emotions when she returns 24 Differentiate the four different parenting styles Permissive tend to be lenient little discipline very affectionate Authoritarian Very strict punishing little affection Authoritative Supportive but set clear and firm limits Uninvolved neglectful and ignoring 25 Define social psychology Social Psychology The scientific study of how people influence our behavior beliefs and attitudes 26 Identify three themes around which psychologists organize their research of social phenomena Think about social thinking Influence social influence Relate social relations 27
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