Study Guide for Exam 3 General Psychology Learning Behaviorism Personality Social Psychology Emotions Evolutionary Psychology Ekman s Faces Instructions Key concepts and ideas will be listed below This will cover the majority of the material that you will be tested on Most of this material will have been covered in lecture Material from the book may also appear on the exam However understand that this study guide may not contain every concept that you ll need to know for the exam and it will be necessary to review the readings and your notes Learning Behaviorism Associative Learning learning that certain events occur together Ivan Pavlov known primarily for his work in classical conditioning Performed the famous Pavlov s dogs experiment B F Skinner Studied operant conditioning and innovated radical behaviorism John Watson The original behavioral psychologist Edward Thorndike Said that rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur Classical Conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli in a way that pairs two things together It also involves actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus like salivating in the presence of food Operant Conditioning involves organisms associating their own actions with consequences to influence behavior by offering a reward or punishment for an action Actions followed by reinforces increased and actions followed by punishers decrease Observational Conditioning Bandura a method of learning in which people acquire new behavior by watching other people do something Children learned to act aggressively towards a doll after watching adults do it Neutral Stimulus NS The stimulus that originally elicits no response Unconditioned Stimulus UCS Stimulus that automatically produces a response Unconditioned Response UCR Automatic response to a stimulus Conditioned Stimulus CS Originally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a conditioned response Conditioned Response CR learned response to previously neutral stimulus Extinction When a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced Spontaneous Recovery This is the reemergence of a previously extinguished response Generalization Perceiving and responding to similarities among stimuli Experimental Neurosis a behavior disorder produced experimentally as when an organism is required to make a discrimination of extreme difficulty and breaks down in the process Black Box in Behaviorism Behaviorism is not concerned with the black box the unseen mental processes that happen between receiving a stimulus and a response Little Albert Watson studied classical conditioning by placing baby Albert on a table an allowing him to play with a white rat He then made a loud clanging noise that scared Albert After this Albert showed fear whenever the white rat was present Law of Effect responses followed by satisfaction are more likely to reoccur in the future Skinner Box Operant Conditioning Chamber A chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforce Continuous Reinforcement a conditioning principle where the subject is rewarded every time it does the appropriate action Intermittent Reinforcement when the rewards rules and personal barriers are handed out irregularly Positive Reinforcement Add desirable stimulus to encourage a behavior ex Give a student money for a good grade on a test Negative Reinforcement Remove an aversive stimulus to encourage a behavior ex fastening a seatbelt to turn off beeping Positive Punishment Adding an aversive stimulus to stop a behavior spanking a child Negative Punishment Taking away an aversive stimulus to stop a behavior taking away TV privileges Fixed Ratio Reward every fixed amount of responses Variable Ratio Reward after random and unpredictable number of responses Fixed Interval Reward occurs on a certain fixed time schedule Variable Interval Reinforce a response after a varying time period Be able to answer the following questions to prepare for your exam What is the relationship between associative learning and the different types of conditioning Associative learning is the process by which an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned The two forms of associative learning are classical and operant conditioning Know who all of the figures are in the list above Make sure you know what each of them is most famous for and what they are responsible for contributing in Behaviorism In the case of Pavlov know what he did that would later contribute to Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov known primarily for his work in classical conditioning Performed the famous Pavlov s dogs experiment that led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process which heavily influenced the start of behaviorism B F Skinner Studied operant conditioning and innovated radical behaviorism John Watson The original behavioral psychologist Edward Thorndike Said that rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur Know how Pavlov went about discovering the principles that led to classical conditioning What was his original interest in research What happened that led him to pursue a different research interest Know what one of the Pavlovian devices looked like that restrained dogs during one of his experiments Pavlov was originally running tests on digestion in dogs when he noticed that the dog would salivate when eating food and after doing the test a few times the dog began to salivate when he saw the food the bowl or the person dispensing the food He realized he had just stumbled upon an important form of learning Spend time understanding classical conditioning Know what each of the terms means in classical conditioning Given an example be able to identify which term matches that part of classical conditioning Go over all of the examples we looked at in class dogs and bells sexy mary etc Practice them extensively and make your own examples if you can These terms are easy to confuse so spend your time working on this Know some practical uses of classical conditioning including their use in cancer food aversion and specific phobias Classical Conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli in a way that pairs two things together It also involves actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus like salivating in the presence of food Neutral Stimulus NS The stimulus that originally elicits no response Unconditioned Stimulus UCS Stimulus that automatically produces a response Unconditioned Response UCR Automatic response to a stimulus
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