PSY2012 Exam 1 Study Guide Study Habits Lecture What is the relationship between study time and GPA According to Ebbinghaus the more time you study the more repetitions of the course Carrol material the less time it will take you to recall the material at a later date learning time came up with a formula to represent how learning is a product of accumulated Degree of learning f time spend learning time needed More studying Better performance What are the traditional ideas about this relationship For a while it was seen as the more you study the better the grade you will receive It evolved into deliberate practice meaning the time you spend studying must be undistracted and focuses on improvement by using time wisely in order to improve your knowledge What did the Schuman study and the Crede and Kuncel study find attempted to find a positive relationship between study time and GPA but was Shuman unsuccessful 7 year experiment with 3560 subjects Crede and Kuncle found no relationship between total study time and overall GPA 16192 subjects studies Which variables matter in this case It is important to focus on the quality of your studying not the time spent studying What type of time is related to performance in college courses Quality over quantity What is the role of innate intelligence in accounting for grade performance People who perform well in courses are intelligent but more importantly they utilized their intelligence with consistent studying and regular attendance People who are naturally intelligent have the ability to have a higher GPA Know an alternative to the intelligence account Students who work hard and study effectively can do just as well as people who have innate intelligence What is the difference between intellective and non intellective factors Non intellective study strategies habits etc Intellective natural intelligence What is the difference between deliberate practice and practice that is defined by repeating an activity many times with the goal of improvement Deliberate practice also includes putting in high amounts effort and concentration by making specific improvements It is not defined by repeating something over and over unless it is required for the task What role do distractions play in grade performance Time spend studying with distractions was negatively related to GPA Time spent focused without distractions was positively related to GPA Deliberate practice quality and quantity Distractions social media friends family texting participating in a study group attending class while also texting or surfing the internet How is technology related to this Distractions text messages Facebook answering emails laptop use What did we learn about the study of the violinists in terms of habits and activities that are related to performance The best players were found to Practice in a quiet environment free of distractions full concentration Focus on weaknesses in performance Engage in routinized behavior Are there differences between groups of violinists in how they organize their time Violinists with higher performance were said to have a regimented schedule and typically practiced at the beginning of the day How might this relate to college student performance It is important for students to create a schedule a deliberate practice study technique and stay free of distractions for the optimum performance Know the difference between rereading textbook and notes and self recalling information Which of these is a better predictor of increases in grade performance Rereading notes or text is reviewing the information and becoming familiar with concepts Self Recall is attempting to bring back course material from memory which is the method used on the exam Self Recalling is a better method because it is beneficial through cue establishment and because you use the same method on the exam A Brief History of Psychology Mental Life Period Wilhelm Wundt Background Medicine Biology and Philosophy Structuralism and Functionalism how people take in information and react to it Established the first Psych lab in Leipzig Germany Studies atoms of the mind by measuring reaction time Reaction Time Experiment see how quickly people respond to a stimulus Unofficial found of psychology because he promoted psychology and produced many scholars he was prolific in creating a following Anatomy structural elements of the mind Edward B Titchener Obsessed with lab word Pioneered Introspection The examination or observation of one s own mental and emotional processes Smell Experiment iodine beeswax herbs used a contraption inserted in the nostrils and asked subjects to recall if one smell overwhelmed the other if the smells mixed etc Wrote a lab manual on how to perform lab research Was not popular after his death William James Physiology functionalism Interested in tangible info and how people adapted to the world How something fits is more important than how to measure it Opposed lab obsession of Titchner and Wundt Did not initially consider himself a psychologist Concerned with the whole rather than individual parts Influenced by Darwin James Theory of Emotion instead of saying we cry because we are sad we are sad because we cry Reaction Realizing our Reaction Emotional Tie Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis form of therapy Popularized the talking cure Emphasized sexual drives and unconscious processes Form of therapy came to be known as psychoanalysis Did not provide much research Behaviorism Stimulus Response Movement to observe data rather than reports of patient experiences strived to make the study of psychology focused on observable behavior John Watson believed in the science of behavior as the answer BF Skinner science in observation Shift away from behaviorism because of the inadequate explanations for certain phenomena John B Watson Observational science Psychology should be a science of behavior not the mind Stimulus Response focus Classical Conditioning B F Skinner Observational science Operant Conditioning Rejected cognitive revolution Noam Chomsky Challenged Skinner of Language acquisition Chomsky was part of the turn from behaviorism back to study of the brain Compared the brain to computers Cognitive Revolution how we encode process and retrieve information Memory aging language skill learning visual processing and attention Jean Piaget 60s Worked with children and cognitive development Said that children have shallower cognitive ability Children at the same age make the
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