Erik Erikson s Life Stages 04 27 2014 Overview of the Theory How it explains personality development Eight Stages o Trust vs Mistrust 1 2 yrs Implicit Q can I depend on others is the world safe Later strength hope that our needs will be met o Autonomy vs Shame Doubt 2 3 yrs Implicit can I do some things for myself independently Later will the ability to effectively exercise freedom o Initiative vs Guilt 4 5 yrs Implicit how much right or power do I have to do what I want get what I want and get others to do what I want Identification with powerful roles kings and princesses Strong capacity for guilt when kids over step entitlements Theory of Mind Lying the ability to recognize that others perspectives experience is different from your own The peeking game Talwar 2007 Children sit with their backs to three toys guess toys based on sounds after toy 2 the experimenter leaves Toy 3s sound sounds nothing like it if they guess right they peeked Results 1 3 of 3 year olds peek and 80 admit when asked 80 of 4 year olds peek and 80 lie when asked o Industry vs Inferiority school years age 6 11 Implicit how can I be good Strong obsession with rules Can I successfully complete tasks and skills to the satisfaction of parents teachers and socializing agents or am I inferior to others Later competence the exertion of skill and smarts o Identity vs Role Confusion 12 18ish yrs Implicit who am i how do I fit into the adult world Later fidelity being sincere genuine dutiful to one s self AND to the socio cultural role one has adopted Social roles matter Corresponds with neural dev in prefrontal cortex responsible for abstract thinking hypothetical reasoning and self regulation Marcia s 3 Identity Stages Moratorium Foreclosure Adolescents are currently in a state of crisis and actively exploring and experimenting with alternatives Often a process of elimination authority Identity commitments are expressed and adhered to without experiencing any crisis or moratorium stage Internalizing parental cultural values and identities Undergone a period of questioning and then committed to their own set of goals values and beliefs Achievement o Intimacy vs Isolation Implicit can I be close to and dependent upon others without losing myself my identity and my autonomy Later love the ability to experience psychological union with someone else Not restricted to romantic love o Generativity vs Stagnation Generativity active involvement in teaching guiding the next generation The desire to invest one s substance in forms of life and work that will outlive the self Satisfied through purposeful work and or through family Stagnation not seeking outlets for generativity Basic strength care broad concern for others for one s cultural niche need to teach and better the next generation o Integrity vs Despair late adulthood Integrity self respect developed when people have lived richly and responsibly Despair occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret experiences heartache and remorse Attachment Theory 04 27 2014 Attachment as a rational conditioned implicit model Attachment style is a largely rational response to experience regarding caregiver s responsiveness availability Bowlby Ainsworth s role in early Attachment research Attachment Behavioral System o Activated in response to internal threat pain stress and external threat fear simtuli o Motivates two types of behaviors Distress signaling crying verbalizing fear visual cues Proximity seeking approaching clinging separation protests anxiety o Satisfied when organism experiences felt security caregiver responding to needs and providing a safe haven Strange Situation Test Causes of Infant Attachment o In SST securely attached toddlers Explore when caregiver is present Show signs of distress and explore less when absent Be unsuccessfully comforted by stranger Show pleasure when the caregiver returns Does Early attachment influence adult attachment style Through recurring activation of Abs we develop an implicit answer internal working model to the question Will you be there when I need you YES Does early attachment influence adult relationships Typical patterns outcomes of Secures o Become securely attached to caregivers who Provide regular contact comfort o Consequences Responds to promptly and sensitively to distress signals Provides interactional synchrony Increased sociability empathy self esteem and self confidence in later childhood and adulthood Greater likelihood of believing in enduring romantic love as adults In relationship greater belief that partner can be trusted to be emotionally available and is worthy of love the self can be trusted to be available and is worthy of love Typical patterns outcomes of Avoidants o In SST avoidant Show little no distress upon departure Show little no differentiated behavior toward the caregiver stranger Show little no pleasure when caregiver returns o Become avoidant towards caregivers who Show little no response to distressed child Discourages crying in an angry or annoyed manner Avoids proximity o Consequences Strong sense of self reliance and a denial of any need or desire to form close relationships cope best with break ups Avoidance of intimacy sharing self discolsure and emotional closeness don t want to depend on anyone Greater likelihood of believing romantic love is fleeting fake Over perceive and attend to negative traits in partner as a way to justify psychological distance faster access to memory for betrayals of trust Typical patterns outcomes of Anxious Ambivalent o In SST avoidant toddlers Highly avoidant of separation Highly distressed when caregiver leaves Less likely to be calmed by caregiver s returning May punish for leaving by acting aggressively o Infants become anxiously attached to a caregiver who Unpredictably provides comfort and contact Unpredictably expresses approval or disapproval o Consequences High need of intimacy approval and responsiveness in adult romantic relationships but less reassured by such expressions Less trust of romantic partners despite high commitment Vigilantly monitor partner behavior for signs of rejection Attachment disruptions trauma Children growing up in an abusive neglectful or chaotic family are faced with a double bind two opposing needs o To develop and maintain attachment to caregivers o To defend herself emotionally physically and mentally from the very people to whom they are attached Trauma at the hands of caregiver is doubly destructive since that
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