Emotion and Motivation Part 1 Objectives class 1 Be able to describe and differentiate between the three theories of emotion discussed in Cannon Bard Theory James Lange Theory Schachter Singer Theory Psychological reaction and emotional reaction happen automatically and simultaneously but independently We infer our emotions from psychological arousal Emotions result from both psychological arousal and cognitive interpretation working together 2 What is the facial feedback hypothesis How does it support the James Lange theory of emotion Facial feedback hypothesis feedback from facial muscles evokes magnifies emotion It supports the James Lange Theory because the problem with emotion is that we do not have unique psychological reactions for each emotion Classical conditioning 3 Be able to describe the Dutton Aron bridge study How does it support the Schachter Singer theory of emotion Dutton Aaron Meet a woman on scary vs small bridges and they are given a phone More likely to use the phone to make a call when on a scary bridge It supports the Schachter theory because it is using psychological arousal and cognitive interpretation working together 4 What is excitation transfer and how does the bridge study demonstrate this phenomenon Excitation transfer when arousal is misattributed 5 What is discrete emotion theory Discrete emotion theory humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in biology 6 What is the function of disgust How does physical disgust relate to moral disgust How does the Eskine et al disgust study support the relationship between physical disgust and moral disgust Function of disgust Helps us avoid harmful things Physical disgust relates to moral disgust because it leads us to avoid and condemn 7 What is guilt and what does it motivate us to do In what ways is guilt different from Negative emotion associated with a specific instance of behaving badly or socially deviant behaviors Eskine et al 2011 Ate bitter vs sweet food Read about moral transgressions Bitter foods elicited more moral disgust shame Guilt wrongly Motivates us to o Make amends o Act pro socially o Avoid bad behavior o Repair and prevent harm to relationships o Guilt is about a specific act Constructive o Shame is about whole person Destructive Guilt vs Shame 8 What did Ekman do to examine whether emotions and their expressions are universal What are the six primary emotions that are distinguished by universally recognized facial expressions that Ekman originally identified Paul Ekman Studied emotions expressions across cultures Read them a short story about someone Asked them to choose the emotion the person was feeling in the story Six primary emotions 1 Joy 2 Anger 3 Surprise 4 Disgust 5 Sad 6 Fear 9 What are two reasons why facial expressions might be universal Two Reasons Communication o Babies and parents Physical movement is functional 10 What are display rules How do U S and Japanese people differ when it comes to display rules How does the Matsumo Ekman study support these cultural differences Display rules culturally specific rules about expression of emotion In the U S we tend to intensify expression while in japan they try to mask expression Matsumo Ekman Study Japanese and U S students look at photos When the Japanese person looked at the U S photo they thought the person was feeling the emotion more intensely 11 From the textbook What is affective forecasting Do we tend to be accurate or inaccurate about our own emotions About others emotions Affective forecasting the ability to predict our own and others happiness WE TEND TO BE INAACURATE ABOUT OURS AND OTHERS EMOTIONS 12 From the textbook What is durability bias What is the hedonic treadmill Durability bias belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do Hednoic treadmill The tendency four our moods to adapt to external circumstances Emotion Motivation Part 2 Objectives 1 What is motivation Motivation psychological drives that encourage us to engage in certain thoughts feelings and behaviors 2 Know the drive reduction theory of motivation What is homeostasis Be able to give an example of how our body attempts to maintain homeostasis Drive reduction theory certain drives motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states Homeostasis equilibrium Example hunger thirst sexual desire 3 From the textbook What is the Yerkes Dodson law What effect does anxiety have on motivation Yerkes Dodson law inverted U shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other Anxieties effect on motivation lower motivation 4 From the textbook What is approach and avoidance as related to motivation As we move closer to our goals what usually happens with our approach and avoidance motivation Approach and avoidance approach is like our natural tendencies like food and sexual desire while avoidance is like rude people etc Our approach is less and our avoidance is higher 5 What are incentive theories of motivation Know the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Know the Lepper et al 1973 study and what it tells us about the effect of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation What are two possible reasons why extrinsic motivation has this effect on intrinsic motivation Incentive Theories theories proposing that we re often motivated by positive goals Intrinsic motivation motivated by internal goals Painting cause you enjoy it Extrinsic motivation motivated by external goals Being paid to create a painting Lepper et al 1973 Preschool children asked to draw picture o Group 1 told that they would receive an award o Group 2 not told about the award o Group 3 no reward Later children asked if they wanted to draw on their own o Group 1 was less likely to draw on their own 6 What are the three major contributors to liking Similarity Proximity Attractiveness 7 Define the matching hypothesis Define mirroring How do these two things help relationships stay together Matching hypothesis we choose people who are similar to us in many ways Mirroring people who are close to become more similar over time 8 Be able to describe the Festinger proximity study What were the three major findings of Both lead to longer relationships this study Festinger distance study Apartment setup Who was friends with whom 9 What is the halo effect What are some cultural differences with this effect Halo effect people attribute positive traits to attractive people In U S success happiness
View Full Document
Unlocking...