Erik Erikson s Life Stages Ch 9 Lecture 4 3 Overview of Exam 3 o The lifespan can be broken down into 8 stages of development o At each stage a central and recurring conflict or implicit question faces the maturing individual o The answer to this question conflict becomes part of one s adult character structure a very Freudian idea o Importantly healthy development DOES require experiences of the negative aspects of each stage just in smaller doses The Eight Stages 1 Trust vs Mistrust 1 2 years old Implicit question can I depend on others is the world safe Later Strength hope that our needs will be met 2 Autonomy vs Shame Doubt 2 3 years old Implicit question can I do some things for myself independently Later strength will the ability to effectively exercise freedom 3 Initiative vs Guilt 4 5 years old Implicit question how much power do I have to do what I want get others to do what I want Later strength identification with powerful roles kings princesses we see strong capacity for guilt when kids over step their entitlements Theory of Mind Lying Theory of mind is the ability to recognize that others perspective experiences is different from your own Lying Theory of Mind were experimented with the Peeking Game Talwar when children sit with their back to 3 toys guess toys based on sound after toy 2 the experimenter leaves toy 3 s sound has nothing to do with the toy bear makes a pig noise if they guess the toy right they peeked 1 3 of 3 year olds peek and 80 admit to peeking 80 of 4 year olds peek and 80 lie when asked if they peeked 4 Industry vs Inferiority age 6 11 Implicit Question how can I be good kids become obsessed with rules Later strength Competence the exertion of skill and smarts 5 Identity vs Role Confusion age 12 18ish Implicit question Who am I How do I fit into the adult world Later Strength Fidelity being sincere genuine dutiful to one s self to the socio cultural role one has adopted Corresponds with neural development in the pre frontal cortex responsible for Abstract thinking hypothetical reasoning envisioning alternate identities roles rules futures Self regulation Marcia s 3 Identity Stages Moratorium Adolescents are currently in a state of crisis actively exploring experimenting with alternatives often a process of elimination Foreclosure identity commitments are expressed adhered to without experiencing any crisis or moratorium stage internalizing parental or cultural values identities Achievement undergone a period of questioning then committed to their own set of goals values and beliefs 6 Intimacy vs Isolation young adulthood Implicit question can I be close to and depend upon others without losing myself my identity and my autonomy Later Strength love the ability to experience psychological union with someone else 7 Generativity vs Stagnation adulthood Generativity Active involvement in teaching guiding the next generation Stagnation Involves not seeking outlets for generativity The basic strength care 8 Integrity vs Despair late adulthood Integrity Self respect developed when people have lived richly responsibly Despair Occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret experiences heartache remorse Attachment Theory Ch 2 8 Lecture 4 8 Attachment as a rational conditioned implicit model Through recurring activation of the ABS attachment behavioral system we develop an implicit answer internal working model to the question will you be there when I need you Attachment style is a largely rational i e conditioned response to experiences regarding caregiver s responsiveness availability ex The Modified Marshmallow Experiment Bowlby Attachment Behavioral System ABS ABS activated in response to internal threat pain stress and external threat fear stimuli o Motivates two types of behaviors Distress signaling crying verbalizing fears visual cues o Proximity seeking approaching clinging separation protests anxiety Satisfied when the organism experiences felt security o caregiver responding to needs AND providing a safe haven Strange Situation Test developed by Ainsworth Classifies children into the attachment styles known as secure avoidant and o ambivalent o The child is observed playing for 20 minutes while caregivers strangers enter leave the room recreating the flow of the familiar unfamiliar presence in children s lives The situation varies in stressfulness the child s responses are observed Does Early attachment influence adult attachment style Yes research shows there is about a 70 concordance rate with childhood Of those who change styles 78 have undergone a significant oftentimes adult attachment style stressful life event attachment figures different styles or beliefs in each relationship One difficulty in answering this question is that people tend to have multiple Typical patterns outcomes of Secures Securely attached toddlers will Explore when their caregiver is present Show signs of distress and explore less when their caregiver is absent Be unsuccessfully comforted by a stranger Show pleasure when the caregiver returns Infants become securely attached to caregivers who Provides regular contact comfort Responds promptly sensitively to distress signals Provides Interactional Synchrony Secure Attachment Consequences o o o o o o o Roughly 60 70 of children and adults score as having a secure attachment style Increased sociability empathy self esteem and self confidence in later childhood o o and adulthood o o available is worthy of love and that the self can be trusted to be available is worthy of love Greater likelihood of believing in enduring romantic love as adults In relationships greater belief that partner can be trusted to be emotionally Typical patterns outcomes of Avoidants Infants become avoidantly attached to a caregiver who Shows little or no response to a distressed child Discourages crying in an angry or annoyed manner Avoids proximity o o o Avoidantly attached toddlers will Show little or no distress upon the caregiver s departure Show little or no differentiated behavior toward the caregiver or stranger Show little or no pleasure when the caregiver returns o o o Avoidant Attachment Consequences Avoidance of intimacy sharing self disclosure and emotional closeness Perceive Roughly 20 of children adults develop avoidant styles A strong sense of self reliance and a denial of any need or desire to form close o o relationships cope best with breakups o favors as a largely threatening experience don t want to depend on anyone o o
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