Study Guide for Exam 3 General Psychology Personality Learning Behaviorism Social Psychology Emotions Stress Instructions Key concepts and ideas will be listed below This will cover the majority of the material that you will be tested on Most of this material will have been covered in lecture Material from the book may also appear on the exam However understand that this study guide may not contain every concept that you ll need to know for the exam and it will be necessary to review the readings and your notes Personality Psychoanalysis a system of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association Psychic Determinism All psychological events have a cause Unconscious Motivation The majority of motivation lies beneath the surface Id Ego Superego Id unconsciously tries to satisfy basic drives sexual aggressive etc Operates on pleasure principle wants immediate reward Ego Plays morality role mediates the wants of the id and superego Superego provides standards for judgment and future aspirations decision maker Freud s Personality Structure Freud thought that there were three elements of the mind the id the ego and the superego that worked against each other to create a personality Free Association In free association psychoanalytic patients are invited to relate whatever comes into their minds during the analytic session and not to censor their thoughts This technique is intended to help the patient learn more about what he or she thinks and feels Stages of psychosexual development Oral 0 18 months pleasure related to the mouth sucking biting chewing Anal 18 36 months pleasure related to bowl and bladder elimination coping with demands for control Phallic 3 6 years pleasure zone is genitals coping with sexual feelings Latency 6 to puberty Dormant sexual feelings Genital puberty on Maturation of sexual feelings Neo Freudians Move away from sexuality as a driving force and increase in optimism about life and personality change Alfred Adler First to move away from Freud Believed in childhood tensions but thought they were caused by social tensions and not sexual tensions Thought that a child struggles with an inferiority complex as they strive for superiority Karen Horney Like Alder Horney rejected the sexual tensions emphasis and focused on social emphasis She also thought that a child s helplessness triggers a desire for love and security Also thought that women had a sense of inferiority because they were dependent on men Erik Erikson Thought that personality developed throughout the entire lifetime Agreed with Freud s theory of unconscious drives but thought that there were more drive than just sexual Carl Jung Like Erikson agreed with Freud s theory of unconscious drives and thought that there were more drive than just sexual Also talked about extroversion and introversion Projective tests Tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that people must interpret Used to find information about personality and the unconscious mind Radical Behaviorism belief that free will is an illusion and personality consists of behaviors Black Box of Cognition the black box of cognition consists of the unobservable mental processes that happen between receiving a stimulus and reacting to a stimulus Social Cognitive theory Conditioning depends on thought observational learning is important and thinking is a cause of personality Locus of Control external and internal The belief of the amount of power someone has over the events in their life Eternal The perception that chance or outside forces determine one s fate Internal The perception that one controls one s own fate Learned Helplessness a mental state in which an organism forced to endure aversive stimuli or stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli even if they are escapable presumably because it has learned that it cannot control the situation Humanism focuses more on positive qualities of healthy people as opposed to Freud s focus on negative qualities and sick people Abraham Maslow said people are motivated by needs Hierarchy of needs Carl Rogers Agreed with Maslow that people were motivated by needs but added that for a person to grow they need an environment with genuineness acceptance and empathy Maslow s Hierarchy of needs People are motivated to satisfy basic requirements and then strive to achieve self actualization These needs are physiological needs food and water safety needs belonging needs esteem needs self actualization Self Actualization Process of fulfilling our potential Conditions of Worth Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others we need to feel valued respected treated with affection and loved 16 factor theory five factor theory three factor model The 16 factor model was developed by Ray Cattell and consists of 16 primary traits and 5 secondary traits It is thought to be too complex of a model The 5 factor model contains 5 factors conscientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openness and extraversion and is the most widely used model The 3 factor model was developed by Hans Eysenck and contains three traits psychoticism extraversion and neuroticism It is often thought to be too limiting Factor analysis Analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures The big five factors know what each of them are Conscientiousness tend to be careful and responsible agreeableness tend to be sociable and easy to get along with neuroticism tend to be tense and moody openness tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional and extraversion tend to be social and lively C A N O E Basic tendencies versus characteristic adaptations Basic tendencies are underlying personality traits and characteristic adaptations are how these traits are manifested in behavioral Steal cheat and lie study person situation controversy An experiment that looked at how children reacted when given the opportunity to steal a dime change their answer on a test or lie There was a low correlation between the three behaviors The person situation debate is the controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person s behavior Know the stages of Freud s
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