Study Guide for Exam 2 General Psychology BioPsychology Sensation and Perception Language Developmental Psychology Know the definitions and functions of the following terms and their contributions toward behavior Biopsychology Myelin Sheath Synaptic Cleft Synapse a neuron fires or it doesn t the life support of the neuron Dendrite Terminal Boutons the gap at end of a terminal bouton into which the portion of the neuron that receives signals All or Nothing Response Axon branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to the fatty tissues that encase the fibers of many neurons enables faster nerve cells specialized for communication the body s information Collections of neurons make up nerves and nerves respond to stimuli a long extension of a neuron which is covered in myelin sheath to insulate Cell Body Neurons system Nerves environment Action potential is a nerve impulse It s a brief electrical charge Action Potential that travels down axon to its terminal branches It has an all or nothing response neuron either fires or it doesn t and the intensity stays the same throughout the length of the axon and speed up messages through neurons Its job is to send signals other neurons neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal transmission speed of impulses Intensity actions of our internal organs and glands which participate in emotion regulation division of autonomic nervous system lowers levels of arousal calming arousal that controls the mind and behavior rest of the body Somatic System CNS and the body controlling and coordinating voluntary movement motivation and memory Contains the thalamus hypothalamus amygdala and hippocampus Neurotransmitters neuron to neuron action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon part of the nervous system that conveys information between the the emotional center of the brain plays a key role in smell chemical messengers specialized for communication from part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary SNS division of the autonomic nervous system The CNS contains the brain and the spinal cord sensory and motor neurons that connect to the Autonomic System conveys sensory information to the cortex Parasympathetic Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System PNS Central Nervous System CNS Sympathetic Nervous System Lesion Thalamus damage to body tissue Limbic System a large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres oversees the endocrine and autonomic nervous system part of the limbic system that plays key roles in fear excitement and plays a role in spatial memory the brain structure responsible for our sense of balance part of the brain stem involved in basic functions such as heartbeat and Corpus Callosum Hypothalamus Amygdala and permits them to communicate arousal breathing Lateralization than the other Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex Hippocampus Cerebellum Medulla is the cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain the part of the frontal lobe responsible for body movement area of the brain that receives messages from a sense organ Be familiar with the following key concepts that have contributed to or have had important contributions in towards biological psychology and behavior Think about brain lesions Know that lesions occurring in different brain areas are going to have different impacts on behavior Can you recover from brain lesions or injuries Does it matter how old you are when this happens Think about brain plasticity and recovery Recovery from brain lesions is possible o the younger the damage occurs the better the chance of recovery o ability to recover from brain injury decreases with age Brain does have the potential to reform neural connections neural plasticity Some specialization in hemispheres will be impacted left side language Know all the parts of the neuron and the process by which the action potential travels through the neuron Understand the process by which neurons communicate with one another Know approximately how many neurons are in the brain 40 100 billion neurons in the brain see definitions for more details on individual functions processes Know the relationship between brain size and complexity Does a bigger brain mean a smarter brain Think of this in terms of human human brain differences and human other species brain differences Brain size does not equate to intelligence The ratio of forebrain to total brain size larger ratio means higher intelligence Example human brain vs elephant brain Know the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and some of the most important functions that occur within each respective lobe Understand what injury or disease does within each of these regions and how it alters or diminishes specific functions within each lobe Occipital lobes hindbrain visual processing o reading and vision Parietal lobes o spatial awareness o sense of touch and appreciation of form o compresses multiple sensory inputs o special manipulation of objects maps Temporal lobes o important for memory emotion language some hearing o projects from ear to frontal lobe o memory and fear o object recognition projects to parietal lobe to understand where o damage affects language speaking impacts object recognition Frontal lobes higher functioning especially planning and inhibitions o Last to fully develop often expressed as risky behavior in YA o Complex and abstract ideas creative thoughts o Ability to inhibit responses to stimuli self control and see long term consequences planning attention o ADHD frontal lobes under stimulated difficulty in activating inhibitions create external stimulation hyperactivity medications are stimulants internally stimulates the brain and allows users to engage in inhibition process Know the two divisions of the nervous system and all of the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system and the roles of each one of the subdivisions Central nervous system o Brain and spinal cord the body 2 subdivisions Peripheral nervous system sensory and motor neurons that connect to the rest of o Somatic system controls volitional portion of movement o Autonomic system controls involuntary processes Sympathetic Nervous System arousing dilates pupils faster heartbeat increased release of epinephrine Parasympathetic Nervous System calming contracts pupils slows heart rate stimulates digestion Understand the evolutionary development of the brain and the increase in complexity from the hindbrain midbrain and to the forebrain Increased development in
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