Overview of Exam 3 A 40 Multiple Choice Questions B Should take roughly 40 minutes to complete but you have the full 2hrs and I ll stay slightly longer too time is not an issue C Questions will be based primarily on information in the lecture slides in class lecture For studying purposes start with this outline and the slides The readings are probably best used as a reference when something from your notes or the slides is unclear or when you want to add a bit more depth to your understanding of a concept or finding If a topic or term is not on the outline below it will NOT be on the exam I will ask you to know some of the key findings from research studies we ve discussed in the lectures D E Topic Outline for Exam3 Attachment Theory Ch 2 8 lecture 11 13 Attachment as a rational conditioned implicit model Attachment style is a largely rational or conditioned response to environmental cues and experiences regarding caregiver s responsiveness availability Internal working model Guide the individual s perceptions emotions thoughts and expectations in later relationships Harlow Bowlby Ainsworth s role in early Attachment research Harlow monkey studies Infant Monkeys spent more time clinging to the Cloth surrogate than the Wire surrogate regardless of which one gave milk Attachment Behavioral System ABS activated in response to internal threat pain stress and external threat fear stimuli Motivates two types of behaviors Distress signaling crying verbalizing fears visual cues Proximity seeking approaching clinging separation protests anxiety Satisfied when the organism experiences felt security caregiver responding to needs AND providing a safe haven Strange Situation Test Causes of Infant Attachment Securely attached toddlers will Explore when their caregiver is present Show signs of distress and explore less when their caregiver is absent Be unsuccessfully comforted by a stranger Show pleasure when the caregiver returns Infants become securely attached to caregivers who Provides regular contact comfort Responds promptly and sensitively to distress signals Provides Interactional Synchrony Avoidantly attached toddlers will Show little or no distress upon the caregiver s departure Show little or no differentiated behavior toward the caregiver or stranger Show little or no pleasure when the caregiver returns Infants become avoidantly attached to a caregiver who Shows little or no response to a distressed child Discourages crying in an angry or annoyed manner Avoids proximity Anxious Ambivalent attached toddlers are Highly avoidant of separation Highly distressed when the caregiver leaves May punish caregiver for leaving by acting aggressively Less likely to be calmed by a caregiver s returning Infants become Anxiously attached to a caregiver who Unpredictably provides comfort and contact Unpredictably expresses approval or disapproval In rat terms similar to Variable Rate Reward which causes addiction like behaviors Does early attachment influence adult attachment style A Qualified Yes adult attachment style Research shows there is about a 70 concordance rate with childhood Of those who change 78 have undergone a significant life event divorce of parents death or earned security via new attachment figure Further people tend to have multiple attachment figures Sometimes with different attachment styles in different relationships Does early attachment influence adult relationships A fairly strong Yes Typical patterns outcomes of Secures Roughly 60 70 of children and adults score as having a secure attachment style Increased sociability empathy self esteem and self confidence in later childhood and adulthood Greater likelihood of believing in enduring romantic love as adults Greater belief that one s romantic partner is emotionally available and worthy of love and that the self is available and worthy of love Highest levels of social coping strategies seeking friend and family support Typical patterns outcomes of Avoidants Roughly 20 of children adults develop avoidant styles A strong sense of self reliance and a denial of any need or desire to form close relationships Avoidance of intimacy sharing self disclosure and emotional closeness Perceive favors and gratitude as a largely threatening experience Don t want to depend on anyone Greater likelihood of believing that romantic love is fleeting fake Over perceive attend to negative traits as a way to justify psychological distance Faster access to memory for betrayals of trust and slower access for trust validation memories Least distress lowest levels of proximity seeking avoidance of relationship thoughts self reliant coping Typical patterns outcomes of Anxious Ambivalent Roughly 10 20 of adults and children develop an anxious ambivalent attachment style High need of intimacy approval and responsiveness in adult romantic relationships BUT less reassured by such expressions Less trust of romantic partners despite high commitment Vigilantly monitor partner behavior for signs of rejection Relationship Hypervigilance Showed greater preoccupation perseveration anger vengeful thoughts physical emotional distress proximity seeking substance abuse exaggerated attempts to re establish the relationship Earned Security Earned security can be earned through High emotional support from an alternative caregiver No difference in whether alternative caregivers were family or not nor whether the alternative caregiver relationship was developed in childhood adolescence or young adulthood Individuals who experienced insecure attachment styles as kids but earned secure as adult show No differences in parenting behaviors under high or low stress No differences in proportion of securely attached kids No differences in anxiety or depression Erik Erikson s Life Stages Ch 9 12 2 Lecture Overview of the Theory How it explains personality development The lifespan can be broken down into 8 stages of development At each stage a central and recurring conflict or implicit question faces the maturing individual The answer to this question conflict becomes part of one s adult personality structure a very Freudian idea Importantly healthy development DOES require experiences of the negative aspects of each stage just in smaller doses Eight Stages Trust vs Mistrust 1 2 year olds Implicit Questions Can I depend on others is the world safe Later Strength Hope that our needs will be met Autonomy vs Shame Doubt 2 3 year olds Implicit Question Can I do some things for myself
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