PSY 2012 General Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 6 Learning 1 Associative Learning Learning that certain event occur together o Conditioning consists of acquiring knowledge by forming associations among stimuli causing associative learning to be the basis of learning through conditioning Ivan Pavlov Psychologist who discovered classical conditioning through studying salivation in dogs when provided a stimulus o Initially Pavlov studied the digestion in dogs testing how different stimuli affected the salivation formed After realizing the correlations between different responses and stimuli Pavlov altered his research to study these correlations B F Skinner Founder of radical behaviorism who studied operant conditioning with rats o Created the Skinner box an operant chamber which electronically records an animal s responses and prints out a cumulative record of the animal s activity He tested the box s operational use with rates pigeons and other animals by placing them in the box and if the animal pressed on a bar they would be rewarded with food This allowed Skinner to test how the animals learned as well as challenge the theory of trial and error without having to spend long lab hours studying the subject John Watson Founded behaviorism and studied classical conditioning with Little Albert o Studied behaviorism prior to having an affair with his student Rosalie Rayner and being fired later studying classical conditioning and disproving the root of phobias o He valued nurture over nature in terms of how infants learned things stating so in his Give me a dozen healthy infants and guaranteeing the ability to teach any of them to become a specific type of person later in life Edward Thorndike Studied and formed the basis of operant conditioning performed experiments with cats in puzzle boxes o Basis of operant conditioning if a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying state of affairs the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened Therefore If we are rewarded for a response we re more likely to repeat the response in the future o During his study with cats and puzzle boxes he concluded that they learned by trial and error Albert Bandura Presented the idea that children can learn to act aggressively from models based on observational learning o Created an experiment where preschoolers would watch an adult beat up an inflatable doll then place them in a room of toys to immediately provoke joy anger the children by placing them in a different room which contained a similar inflatable doll and observe their behaviors Most children who observed the aggressive adult attacked or yelled at the doll in a similar fashion thereby proving his hypothesis to be correct Classical Conditioning Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits and automatic response PSY 2012 General Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide 2 o Classical conditioning can be used in advertising by pairing products with attractive people fetishes by presenting an inanimate object prior to a mate or with cancer patients scapegoat foods to prevent patients undergoing chemotherapy treatments to dislike their favorite foods Operant Conditioning If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying state of affairs the bond between the stimulus and response will be strengthened Neutral Stimulus The stimulus that initially elicits no response Unconditioned Stimulus Stimulus that elicits an automatic or reflexive response Unconditioned Response Automatic or reflexive response to a stimulus Conditioned Stimulus A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response as a result of its association with an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Response Response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus Extinction The conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus Acquistion The conditioned response is gradually learned or acquired Spontaneous Recovery An extinct conditioned response appears if we present the conditioned stimulus again Stimulus generalization Process by which stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response Stimulus Discrimination When we exhibit a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ to the original conditioned stimulus Little Albert Child experimented with John Watson and Rosalie Rayner presented with a rat then heard a loud noise CS to startle the baby CR Soon feared furry animals the new CS o Little Albert was an unknown child chosen for the experiment and one month after the experiment he was pulled from the experiment Law of Effect Forms the basis of operant conditioning by Edward Thorndike if a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying state of affairs the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened Skinner Box An operant conditioning chamber electronically records an animal s responses and prints out a cumulative record of the animal s activity Positive Reinforcement A stimulus is administered to reward the animal Negative Reinforcement A stimulus is taken away from the animal Positive Punishment Administering a stimulus one wishes to avoid Negative Punishment Taking away a stimulus one enjoys Continuous Reinforcement We reinforce a behavior every time it occurs Intermittent Reinforcement When we reinforce responses only some of the time Fixed Ratio Reinforcement provided after a regular number of responses Variable Ratio Reinforcement provided after a specific number of responses on average but the precise number of responses required during any given period varies randomly 3 PSY 2012 General Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide Fixed Interval Reinforcement provided after producing the responses at least once after a specified amount of time has passed Variable Interval Reinforcement provided for producing the response after an average time interval with the actual interval varying randomly S O R Psychology The belief that a response is not immediately elicited the stimulus is presented the organism interprets the stimulus then produces a response depending on the stimulus o S O R psychologists believed that cognition explains learning and interpretation leads to varying results behaviorist view Understand what intermittent schedules
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