Objectives Chapter 11 Motivation and Work NOTE Our coverage of this chapter will be limited to pages 443 447 478 495 Define motivation as psychologists use the term today Motivation a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal Identify four perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior Instinct theory replaced by evolutionary perspective focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors Drive reduction theory focuses on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact Arousal theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation Abraham Maslow s hierarchy of needs describes how some of our needs take priority over others Define homeostasis as used by drive reduction theorists Homeostasis a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry such as blood glucose around a particular level Explain why evidence of curiosity driven behavior supports optimum arousal theory Some motivated behaviors increase arousal Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal Having all our biological needs satisfied we feel driven to experience stimulation and we hunger for information Ex curious monkeys try to figure out how to unlock a latch that opens nothing Describe Maslow s hierarchy of needs Hierarchy of needs Maslow s pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active Describe the two criteria that Baumeister and Leary 1995 identify as being essential to fully satisfying the need to belong some information is provided in the textbook but I will elaborate in class Frequent Interaction There s a need for frequent affectively pleasant interactions with a few other people Persistent Caring These interactions must take place in the context of a temporally stable and enduring framework of affective concern for each other s welfare Identify possible consequences of a sense of high versus failed belongingness some information is provided in the textbook but I will elaborate in class High belongingness is strongly associated with Positive affect Improved health e g reduced stress anxiety A sense of failed belongingness is considered a major contributor to Loneliness Stress and Anxiety Depression and Suicide Identify three subfields of industrial organizational psychology I O psych application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces Field Personnel Psychology Organizational Definition Focuses on employee recruitment selection placement training appraisal and development Details Analyzing job content optimizing work placement assessment tools identifying needs measuring performance Psychology Examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational changes Analyzing organizational structure maximizing worker satisfaction and productivity redesigning jobs Human Factors Engineering Psychology Designing optimum work environments Optimizing person machine interactions developing system technologies Describe three effective management techniques Harnessing job relevant strengths helping people measure and identify their talents care how they feel about their work reinforce positive behavior Setting specific challenging goals motivation and provide feedback on progress Choosing an appropriate leadership style task leadership goal oriented leadership that sets standards organizes wok and focuses attention on goals social leadership group oriented leadership that builds teamwork mediates conflict and offers support Objectives Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders NOTE Our coverage of this chapter will be limited to pages 593 608 611 621 Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered Diagnostics 1 is a clinical syndrome present 2 is a personality disorder or mental retardation present 3 is a general medical condition present 4 are psychosocial or environmental problems present 4 what is the global assessment of this person s functioning Describe the goals and basic organizational structure of the DSM IV TR Diagnostic classification aims not only to describe a disorder but also to predict its future course imply appropriate treatments and stimulate research into its causes Book used to classify psychological disorders Defines a diagnostic process and 26 clinical syndromes Without presuming to explain their causes it describes various disorders Discuss the benefits but also the potential dangers of using diagnostic labels Labels are at best arbitrary and at worst value judgments masquerading as science Once we label a person we view them differently Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and our interpretations Benefits mental health professionals use labels to communicate about their cases to comprehend the underlying causes and to discern effective treatment programs Define anxiety disorders and contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder Anxiety disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety General anxiety disorder person is continually tense apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Panic disorder marked by unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain choking or other frightening sensations Explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience Phobia marked by a persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation Describe the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder OCD characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and or actions Ex concern with cleanliness order terrible thoughts compulsive checking Describe the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder PTSD anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories nightmares social withdrawal jumpy anxiety and or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders Learning fear conditioning when bad events happen unpredictably and uncontrollably anxiety often develops Stimulus generation and reinforcement Observational learning learn by observing others fear Biological natural selection genes the brain Biology underlies
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