Objectives Chapter 11 Motivation and Work NOTE Our coverage of this chapter will be limited to pages 443 447 478 495 Define motivation as psychologists use the term today Psychologists modernly define the term motivation as being a need or desire that energies and directs behavior Identify four perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior In order to understand motivation better psychologists developed four different perspectives which is now replaced by evolutionary perspective It 1 The Instinct theory 2 The Drive reduction theory focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors how they interact 3 The Arousal theory 4 Abraham Maslow s hierarchy of needs theory needs take priority over others focuses on our inner pushes external pulls and focuses on finding the right level of stimulation describes how some of our Define homeostasis as used by drive reduction theorists Homeostasis is the psychological aim of drive reduction It is also known as the maintenance of a steady internal state An example of this would be the body s temperature regulation system which works like a room thermostat Both a thermostat and the body operate through feedback loops Say the room temperature cools the device switches on the furnace Likewise if our body temperature cools blood vessels constrict to conserve warmth and prompt us to put more clothes on or seek a warmer environment This is not the only way we respond in wanting homeostasis we also are pulled by different incentives either positive or negative which lure or repel us to do certain things The sight of things we find attractive or threatening can motivate our behavior Explain why evidence of curiosity driven behavior supports optimum arousal theory Evidence of curiosity driven behavior supports the optimum arousal theory because when humans have all of their biological needs satisfied they feel driven to experience stimulation and hunger for information For example well fed animals will leave their shelter to explore and gain different types of information even in the absence of any need based drive Similarily monkeys are driven by curiosity at times to try and figure out how to unlock a latch that opens nothing or how to open a window that allows them to see outside their room Butler 1954 Also curiosity drives a 9 month old infant who investigates every accessible corner of the house The list goes on and on Describe Maslow s hierarchy of needs Maslow s hierarchy of needs model describes how certain priorities outweigh other priorities For example the need to satisfy hunger and thirst comes before the need to find meaning and identity beyond the self His model shows how we strive to meet basic needs before higher level needs From the bottom up Physiological needs Safety needs Belongingness and love needs Esteem needs Self actualization needs live up to our fullest and unique potential and Self transcendence needs need to find meaning and identity beyond the self Describe the two criteria that Baumeister and Leary 1995 identify as being essential to fully satisfying the need to belong some information is provided in the textbook but I will elaborate in class Baumeister and Leary explained in the book that Human beings have a pervasive drive motivation to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting positive and significant interpersonal relationships Baumeister Leary 1999 pg 497 To go into further detail they proposed two criteria in satisfying this need 1 Frequent Interaction which is basically just the need for frequent affectively pleasant interactions with a few other people temporally stable and enduring framework for affective concern for eachother s welfare interactions that must take place in the context of a 2 Persistent Caring Identify possible consequences of a sense of high versus failed belongingness some information is provided in the textbook but I will elaborate in class High belongingness results in a postive effect and is linked to improved health less stress and anxiety Failed belongingness results in a negative effect and is linked to loneliness stress anxiety depression and also suicide Identify three subfields of industrial organizational psychology 2 Personnel psychology 1 Human factors psychology explores how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit human abilities selecting and evaluating workers management styles influence worker motivation satisfaction and productivity applies psychology s methods and principles to considers how work environments and 3 Organizational psychology List four organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity that an organizational psychologist might examine these are not listed in the textbook we will discuss them in class Organization s culture Reward and Recognition processes do they promote employee loyalty Employee development activities Systems of accountability S M A R T goals Describe three effective management techniques 1 Harnessing Job Relevant Strengths trying to instill talents that are not there and more time developing and drawing Managers who excel spend less time 2 Setting Specific Challenging Goals Specific challenging goals motivate out what is there They start by helping people identify and measure talents match tasks to talents and give them freedom to do what they do best care how their people feel about work and reinforce positive behaviors through recognition and reward Good managers focus training time on educating people about their strengths and building upon them not promoting people into roles ill suited to their strengths acheivement For example Specific measureable objectives such as finish gathering information for the history paper on Friday serve to direct attention promote effort motivate persistence and stimulate creative strategies In turn effective leaders a k a mangers motivate high productivity among their employees by working with them to define explicit goals sub goals and implementation plans and then provide feedback on progress Effective leadership styles depend on the situation and the person involved For instance some leaders excel at task leadership which is good for keeping a group centered on its mission Typically task leaders have a directive style which can work well is the leader is bright enough to give good orders Other leaders may excel at social leadership which is more of a democratic style delegate authority and welcome the participation of team members 3 Choosing an Appropriate
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