PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 5 Chapter 12 Cognition and Personality Understand how the story of Amadou Diallo demonstrates how important cognitive interpretations can be Amadou Diallo approached by police officers that wanted to question him he reached into his wallet and police thought he was reaching for a weapon they fired 41 shots at him how people process information can cause really tragic consequences African American vs White Targets Holding a gun vs another objects Participant has a lower threshold for shooting African American target compared to white targets Understand the basic findings of the Correll et al study that was discussed in class African Americans vs White Targets Holding a gun vs another object Participant has a lower threshold for shooting African American target compared to white target Cognitive Approaches Focuses on differences in how people process information Know and be able to differentiate the three levels of cognition Perception imposing order on sensory info people see the world different based on our sensory and perceptual systems Interpretation making sense of explaining events of the world Goals and Beliefs a person s standard for evaluating selves and others Understand how the Embedded Figures Test analyzes field dependence independence Embedded Figures Test EFT How many animals can you find in a certain picture DEALS WITH PERCEPTION Field Dependent have trouble locating hidden figures tend to rely more on social information and tend to favor social sciences and education see the bigger picture rather than the details oriented towards people Field Independent easily located hidden figures tend to be better at ignoring distractions and tend to favor sciences and engineering ability to focus on details despite clutter of background info better able to screen our distracting info and focus on task Know and understand the three dimensions of explanatory style DEALS WITH INTERPRETATION Internal External Internal Explanatory Style Something pertaining to you such as your lack of skill External Explanatory Style Something pertaining to the environment Stable Unstable Global Specific Stable Explanatory Style Cause of the event is something permanent and long lasting Unstable Explanatory Style Cause of the event is something temporary Specific Explanatory Style Cause that affects only the particular situation Global Explanatory Style Cause that affects everything Know how explanatory style is related to optimism pessimism Pessimistic Explanatory Style Combo Internal Stable and Global Optimistic Explanatory Style Combo External Unstable and Specific Be able to define locus of control Locus of Control Describes people s interpretations of responsibility for events External Locus of Control Generalized expectancies that events are outside of one s control Fate Luck Chance More resigned to conditions as they are decreased efforts to deal with health decreased levels of psyche adjustment have a greater sense of satisfaction in a non responsive environment Internal Locus of Control Generalized expectancies that events are under one s control and that one is responsible for major life outcomes better academic achievement better interpersonal relations greater effort to learn positive attitudes to exercise lower cigarette smoking decreased HTN and heart attacks Be able to explain learned helplessness Learned Helplessness Lack of influence in one circumstance affecting future judgments of ability to influence when subjected to unpleasant and inescapable circumstances animals and humans become passive and accepting of a situation in effect learning to be helpless Be able to define self efficacy Self Efficacy Belief that one can execute a plan of action to achieve one s goals Be able to explain Dweck s theory of mastery orientation Entity you do not change Incremental things can change Understand the main ways that intelligence is conceptualized general vs domain specific achievement vs aptitude Intelligence Application of cognitive skill and knowledge to solve problems learn and achieve goals valued by individuals and the culture Domain Specific Intelligence Measuring mechanical ability for a mechanical job rather than measuring cognitive intelligence Achievement View of Intelligence Attainment of Education Aptitude View of Intelligence Potential to Know and Learn Be able to explain what emotional intelligence is and how it differs from traditional views of intelligence Emotional Intelligence predictive of life outcomes Goleman argued that traditional IQ tests don t predict important life outcomes job success quality of marriage Emotional Intelligence has 5 abilities Self Awareness of one s emotions feelings etc Emotion Regulation Self Control Ability to decode the social emotional cues of others Leadership Know the information from Chapter 12 that was not discussed in class and how it relates to the info discussed in class http quizlet com 17413486 personality psychology ch12 18 flash cards Chapter 13 Emotions and Personality Understand the 3 components of emotions Distinct Subjective Feeling How does it feel to be angry How does it feel to be afraid Associated with bodily changes Heart rate facial expressions muscle tension Distinct Action Tendencies Anger might lead to aggressive action Sadness might lead one to seek social support Understand how emotions are adaptive and be able to provide examples Disgust prevents people from eating harmful things Anger can prevent people from being taken adv Of Sadness can signal a need for social support Fear can prevent people from doing dangerous things Know and understand the 2 approaches to studying emotions Categorical Approach There are only a few primary emotions that are distinct different theorists use different criteria for identifying primary emotions Dimensional Approach Emotions are not distinct rather they exist on a continuum two dimensions activation and pleasantness AKA arousal and valance Be able to characterize emotions based on the dimensions of activation and pleasantness High activation vs Low activation Pleasant vs Unpleasant Examples Boredom low activation unpleasant Excitement high activation pleasant Understand the basic ways in which people differ in their emotional experiences People s emotional experiences differ in Content the kind of emotions that one tends to experience Style the manner in which one experiences emotions affect intensity how intensely does on tend to experience emotions
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