1 All answers come from the psychology text book by David G Myers Objectives Chapter 10 Intelligence NOTE Our coverage of this chapter will be limited to pages 405 413 Explain how a multi cultural perspective helps in defining intelligence Intelligence is a socially constructed concept cultures deem intelligent whatever attributes enable success in those cultures In amazon forest intelligence is understanding medical qualities of local plants In each context intelligence is the ability to learn from experience solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Present arguments for and against considering intelligence as one general ability Charles Spearman believed we have one general intelligence People often have special abilities that stand out Developed factor analysis statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items Noted those who score higher in 1 area typically score higher in other areas than average Believed a common skill set the g factor underlies all of our intelligent behavior Opponent L L Thurstone gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities Detected a persistent tendency those who excelled in 1 of the 7 clusters generally scored well on the others Investigators concluded there was still evidence of g factor Liken mental abilities to physical abilities Athleticism is many abilities Similar to intelligence Several distinct abilities tend to cluster together and to correlate enough to define a small general intelligence factor Satoshi Kanazawa argues that general intelligence evolved as a form of intelligent that helps people solve novel problems how to find water during a drought More common problems how to mate require a different sort of intelligence Asserts that general intelligence scores do correlate with the ability to solve various novel problems but do not much correlate with individuals skills in evolutionarily familiar situations marrying and parenting Know the 8 intelligences included in Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences Linguistic Logical mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily kinesthetic Intrapersonal self Interpersonal others Naturalist T S Eliot poet Einstein scientist Stravinsky composer Picasso artist Graham dancer Freud psychiatrist Gandhi leader Darwin naturalist 2 Know the 3 intelligences included in Sternberg s theory of multiple intelligences Analytical academic problem solving intelligence asserted by intelligence tests well defined problems having 1 right answer Predict school grades and vocational success pretty well Creative intelligence demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas Practical intelligence required for everyday tasks may be ill defined with multiple solutions Seen in managerial success Describe the three aspects of emotional intelligence and discuss criticisms of this concept e g has the concept of intelligence been stretched too far Perceive emotions recognize them in faces music stories Understand emotions predict them and how they change and blend Manage emotions to know how to express them in varied situations Use emotions to enable adaptive or creative thinking Some scholars are concerned that emotional intelligence stretches the concept of intelligence too far Gardner welcomes our stretching the concept into the realms of space music and information about ourselves and others But also respect emotional sensitivity creativity and motivation as important but different Stretch intelligence to include everything we prize and it will lose its meaning Objectives Chapter 13 Personality pages 553 591 Define personality identify the goals of personality psychology Personality an individual s characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting Today s personality researchers study the basic dimensions of personality the biological roots of these basic dimensions and the interaction of persons and environments They also study self esteem self serving bias and cultural influences on one s sense of self They also study the unconscious mind Describe Freud s view of personality structure in terms of the id ego and superego Id contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives Operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification Ego the largely conscious executive part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id superego and reality The ego operates on the reality principle satisfying the id s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain Superego part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment the conscious and for future aspirations 3 Identify Freud s psychosexual stages of development and describe the effects of fixation on behavior Psychosexual stages childhood stages of development during which the id s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved Strong conflict could lock or fixate the person s pleasure seeking energies at any stage Stage Oral 0 18 months Anal 18 36 months Phallic 3 6 years Latency 6 to puberty Genital puberty on Focus Pleasure centers on mouth sucking biting chewing Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination coping with demands for control Pleasure zone in the genitals coping with incestuous sexual feelings Dormant sexual feelings Maturation of sexual interests Explain how defense mechanisms may serve to protect the individual from anxiety Tensions between the demands of id and superego cause anxiety The ego copes by using defense mechanisms Repression banishes anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories from consciousness Regression individual with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated Reaction formation the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposite Projection people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others The thief thinks everyone else is a thief Rationalization offers self justifying explanations in place of the real more threatening unconscious reasons for one s actions Summarize psychology s current assessment of Freud s theory of psychoanalysis including its portrayal of the unconscious Today s research psychologists note that Freud s theory offers only
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