Objectives Chapter 9 Intelligence NOTE Our coverage of this chapter will be limited to pages 405 413 Explain how a multi cultural perspective helps in defining intelligence Is a socially constructed concept how it s defined differs Between cultures and between researchers Different cultures and researchers have different definitions of intelligence Scientists don t always agree Textbook definition The ability to learn from experience solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Major debate Is this one ability or several Present arguments for and against considering intelligence as one general ability Intelligence is comprised of one overarching ability that underlies other abilities Factor Analysis A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items factors Know the 8 intelligences included in Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences Linguistic Mathematical Musical Spatial Intrapersonal Bodily kinesthetic Interpersonal Naturalis Know the 3 intelligences included in Sternberg s theory of multiple intelligences Analytic Intelligence Mental steps or components used to solve problems Creative Intelligence Use of experience in ways that foster insight Practical Intelligence Ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life Describe the three aspects of emotional intelligence and discuss criticisms of this concept e g has the concept of intelligence been stretched too far Perceive Emotions Recognize them in faces music and stories Understand Emotions Predict them and how they change and blend Manage Emotions How to express them in varied situations Objectives Chapter 14 Personality pages 553 591 Define personality identify the goals of personality psychology Characteristic patterns of thinking feeling and acting Gives coherence to one s life Reflects both nature genes AND nurture experience Individual differences and underlying processes Personal tendencies Coping patterns Goals 1 Describe psychologically meaningful and stable individual differences among people 2 Explain behavior 3 Predict behavior Describe Freud s view of personality structure in terms of the id ego and superego ID The most primitive part of personality Fights for manifestation and satisfaction of unconscious psychic energy Driven by the pleasure principle The ID is instinctive and un socialized Ego Our largely conscious self Driven by the reality principle It tries to find socially acceptable ways of meeting the demands of the id Superego Represents internalized rules and ideals pressed upon us particularly by primary caregivers Guilt feelings The Conscience guilt should nots Ego ideal ideals shoulds Identify Freud s psychosexual stages of development and describe the effects of fixation on behavior Oral Stage 0 to 18 months Mouth related pleasure Central conflict Wanting food e g mother s milk to be on demand and learning that immediate gratification is not always possible Anal Stage 18 36 months Bowl and bladder related pleasure Central conflict Gaining of a sense of control or mastery e g over BMs Phallic Stage 3 to 6 yrs Genital related pleasure discovery of their genital areas Central conflict tension between illicit sexual desire e g for other sex parent and civilization s approved sexuality The Oedipus complex the boy feels sexual feelings toward the mother and the girl feels this way toward the father they both become angry at the same sex parent and afraid of them Latency Stage 6 to puberty May not be much going on sexual feelings are presumed to be dormant No notable conflicts School friends and hobbies take part of the child s life Genital Stage puberty and up Maturation of sexual interests success entails finding healthy expressions of sexuality Explain how defense mechanisms may serve to protect the individual from anxiety The ego s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality e g by disguising threatening impulses Summarize psychology s current assessment of Freud s theory of psychoanalysis including its portrayal of the unconscious Studying the conscious manifestations of what s hidden in the unconscious Most contemporary psychologists do not believe sex has to do with the personality and the reject the idea that little sex causes psychological disorders They consider unconscious to be vital for information processing Personality is development is a lifelong process Repression is a key idea in psychoanalysis Define how the term trait is used in personality psychology A relatively stable predisposition to feel and act in a certain way Personality is composed of many different traits Describe the use of factor analysis in identifying fundamental personality traits The consolidate traits by grouping them into factors factor analysis Identifies which traits hang together Goal smallest number that is still adequately reflects the complexity of human personality Identify and define the Big Five trait dimensions Openness to experience Imaginative intellectual curious creative unconventional Opposite traits simple down to earth narrow interests closed to new ideas Conscientiousness Cautious serious responsible thorough efficient organized disciplined Opposite Irresponsible careless lazy disorganized impulsive easygoing Extraversion Sociable assertive energetic adventurous enthusiastic outgoing Opposite Reserved reflective quiet prefers being alone or with a few close friends Agreeableness Good natured courteous sympathetic helpful Opposite irritable rude cold unkind Neuroticism Nervous anxious excitable high sprung moody irritable Opposite calm composed relaxed happy stable flexible Summarize the person situation controversy Personality is not a fixed response but rather is responsive to situational factors Describe the emphasis of social cognitive theory and identify the three components of Albert Bandura s model Personality is strongly influenced by our sense of personal control Person and environment are both influenced by behavior External Locus of control I m controlled by my environment Internal Locus of control I m able to control my environment Using the social cognitive perspective explain the potential influence of Personal control Learned helplessness Self Control An ability to control impulses and delay gratification Delay gratification The delay of immediate satisfaction for greater future rewards The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events Define self
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