Overview of Exam 2 A 40 50 Multiple Choice Questions B Should take roughly 50 minutes to complete but you have the full 1hr15min and I ll stay slightly longer too time is not an issue C Questions will be based primarily on information in the lecture slides in class lecture For studying purposes start with this outline and the slides The readings are probably best used as a reference when something from your notes or the slides is unclear or when you want to add a bit more depth to your understanding of a concept or finding If a topic or term is not on the outline below it will NOT be on the exam I will ask you to know some of the key findings from research studies we ve discussed in the lectures D E Topic Outline for Exam2 Psychoanalytic Perspectives Ch7 10 10 Lecture Freudian Structure of the Psyche Id unconscious is wholly unconscious unconcerned about reality constraints unreasonable the it most primitive structure id is driving force behind PRIMARY PROCESS thinking the loose fluid and irrational kind activity of id is dictated solely by the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE of thinking we associate with dreaming It doesn t care if mom is driving it wants love and attention NOW Eros the love instinct earlier called the pleasure principle The drive for pleasure sexual gratification union and life self preservation Thanatos the death instinct or aggression instinct The drive for aggression violence pain infliction and self destruction Wish Fulfillment through Dreams Fantasy and Artistic creations One way to gratify the Id is through various simulations of wish fulfillment Ex Dreams paintings myths stories daydreams all express and potentially satisfy unconscious desires Ego The I The ego is our largely conscious experience of self It is the negotiator of the demands of three tyrants 1 Reality realistic anxiety 2 Id neurotic anxiety and 3 Superego moral anxiety One s personality refers to the relationship between all three structures ways in which the Ego negotiates the conflicting and inflexible demands of the Id and the Superego with the constraints of reality Freud argued it s largely shaped in childhood though this doesn t have good empirical evidence Ego is manifested as SECONDARY PROCESS thinking conscious deliberate and geared toward solving problems in a rational and realistic manner Superego Internalized representation of parental and societal rules norms and values Our conscience the over I Akin to an internalized authority figure repeatedly telling the ego what it should and should not be doing Superego AND id are BOTH unyielding inflexible demanding and unconcerned about reality constraints Only the EGO engages in secondary process thinking and operates according to the reality principle If teachers say don t hit others but parents say protect your sister those rules Ex may conflict The Superego is not concerned about this reality constraint It demands adherence to both rules It is the source of guilt Freud called it moral anxiety Defense Mechanisms which is dealt with unconsciously through defense mechanisms Conflict between the three tyrants creates anxiety aka neuroses for the ego An unconscious strategy of the EGO that distorts reality in order to lessen anxiety We sometimes are able to deal with this anxiety conflict in healthy ways permanent Sublimation Another way is to channel that desire into more socially acceptable reality appropriate called cathexis similar to attachment o Ex o Ex Sports sublimate Thanatos friends lovers sublimate Eros A surgeon channels aggressive energy into constructive medical work Displacement Shifting the impulse from a threatening to a non threatening object Ex Aggression toward father turns into aggression toward dog sibling Ex Desire for comfort from mother turns into attachment to a security blanket Identification Copying and internalizing the traits and behaviors of those who meet your ego ideal MOST mature defense mechanism whereby the person forms an enduring mental representation of significant others Ex Typically a child identifies with their same sex parent as part of healthy devo Less Healthy Defense Mechanisms The prior defense mechanisms do a more permanent job of satisfying the three tyrants Others do a more temporary job which leads to a build up of unsatisfied desires Projection Attributing one s own unacceptable thoughts and desires to others perceiving your own unacceptable desires in others I don t hate him he hates me or I m sure all she thinks about is cheating Ex on me People do tend to over estimate the prevalence of their own negative traits or bad habits in others at large false consensus effect Blocking out an embarrassing event consciously avoiding painful thoughts Repression Suppress deny ignore or actively forget some anxiety inducing event or desire Ex Current research shows people do engage in repression and some are better at it than others Weinberger et al 1979 It also may be associated with better long term outcomes after severe trauma Repression of severe childhood trauma accompanied by recovery in adulthood seems unlikely though it s very difficult to prove or disprove Repressors as a group or a personality trait p 262 Reaction Formation Avidly adopting or over emphasizing the OPPOSITE of an anxiety inducing desire Warding off an unacceptable impulse by over emphasizing its opposite in thought and behavior Ex Expressing animosity toward someone when really one wants union strongly opposing pornography in reaction to threatening sexual impulses Rationalization Reinterpreting and justifying our own behavior or desires in a way that make them seem more acceptable to us Rationalization is a powerful tool but a double edged sword It is central to Emotion Focused Coping reinterpreting negative events in ways we can live with in ways that don t onset a flooding of anxiety It also enables us to persist in potentially harmful and damaging relationships and patterns of behavior Ex abusive relationships avoiding responsibilities Ex A wife explains her husband s repeated infidelity as a product of his unfortunate upbringing or an overly seductive environment Theorized sources and treatments for psychological disorders Theorized Primary Source of Mental Disorder Psychoanalysts Anxiety caused by conflicts between unconscious desires superego demands reality constraints Mental Illness arises when coping strategies defense mechanisms break down Ex how does one deal with inappropriate sexual desire or aggression Temporary
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