Overview of Exam 2 A I will ask you to know some of the key findings from research studies we ve discussed in the lectures Topic Outline for Exam2 Psychoanalytic Perspectives Ch7 10 10 Lecture Freudian Structure of the Psyche Id unconscious The unruly demanding gratification seeking instinct driven source of our psychic energy our two primary motivating drives wholly unconscious unconcerned about reality constraints unreasonable Eros the love instinct earlier called the pleasure principle The drive for pleasure sexual gratification union and life self preservation Thanatos the death instinct or aggression instinct The drive for aggression violence pain infliction and self destruction Ego is our largely conscious experience of self It is the negotiator of the demands of three tyrants Reality Id and Superego Superego Internalized representation of parental and societal rules norms and values Our conscience Akin to an internalized authority figure repeatedly telling the ego what it should and should not be doing It is also unyielding inflexible and unconcerned about reality constraints he Superego is not concerned about this reality constraint It demands adherence to both rules It is the source of guilt Freud called it moral anxiety Defense Mechanisms Conflict between the three tyrants creates anxiety aka neuroses for the ego which is dealt with unconsciously through defense mechanisms We sometimes are able to deal with this anxiety conflict in healthy ways Wish Fulfillment through Dreams Fantasy and Artistic creations One way to gratify the Id is through various simulations of wish fulfillment Ex Dreams paintings myths stories daydreams all express and potentially satisfy unconscious desires Sublimation Another way is to channel that desire into more socially acceptable reality appropriate called cathexis similar to attachment Ex Sports sublimate Thanatos friends lovers sublimate Eros Displacement Shifting the impulse to a more appropriate or accessible object other Ex Aggression toward father turns into aggression toward dog sibling Ex Desire for comfort from mother turns into attachment to a security blanket Identification Copying and internalizing the traits and behaviors of those who meet your ego ideal Ex Typically a child identifies with their same sex parent as part of healthy devo Projection Attributing one s own unacceptable thoughts and desires to others perceiving your own unacceptable desires in others Ex I don t hate him he hates me or I m sure all she thinks about is cheating on me People do tend to over estimate the prevalence of their own negative traits or bad habits in others at large false consensus effect Repression Suppress deny ignore or actively forget some anxiety inducing event or desire Ex Blocking out an embarrassing event consciously avoiding painful thoughts Current research shows people do engage in repression and some are better at it than others Weinberger et al 1979 It also may be associated with better long term outcomes after severe trauma Repression of severe childhood trauma accompanied by recovery in adulthood seems unlikely though its very difficult to prove or disprove Repressors as a group or a personality trait p 262 repressors are described as personson who experience little anxiety on a conscious level and who adopt a highly defensive approach to life These people were surveyed on whether they reacted to certain stessors While on the outside they said they responded very little their bodily processes suggested otherwise Reaction Formation Avidly adopting or over emphasizing the OPPOSITE of an anxiety inducing desire Ex Vehemently opposing pornography in reaction to threatening sexual impulses Expressing animosity toward someone when really one wants union Rationalization Reinterpreting and justifying our own behavior or desires in a way that make them seem more acceptable to us Rationalization is a powerful tool but a double edged sword It is central to Emotion Focused Coping reinterpreting negative vents in ways we can live with in ways that don t onset a flooding of anxiety It also enables us to persist in potentially harmful and damaging relationships and patterns of behavior Ex abusive relationships avoiding responsibilities Theorized sources and treatments for psychological disorders Humanistic View Ch 7 10 15 lecture Humanists Theorized sources and treatments for psychological disorders Carl Rogers Theory Client centered therapy Help to facilitate self actualization An inherent tendency of the organism to develop all of it capacities in which serve to maintain or enhance the person this is an assumption The client must identify these on their own non directive This was theorized to be the one primary human function to enhance the person s self Conditional vs unconditional positive regard Therapist must offer Empathic Understanding Unconditional Positive Regard to help the client achieve self understanding and self acceptance Unconditional positive self regard and other regard being able to perceive and accept how others and oneself behaves and feels What is stopping people from self actualization Rogers conditional regard from others Phenomenal Field an entire panorama of a person s experience the person s subjective apprehension of reality It is the individual s overall frame of reference To learn of a person s phenomenal field one must listen carefully to the persons s subjective report of experience The roots of behaviors are in the phenomenal field Maslow s Theory Hierarchy of Needs theory of proponent needs Maslow it was somewhat more complicated Built a theory of proponent needs self actualization can only be worked toward once more basic needs are met Self actualization and its features and causes The fully functioning person self actualized Authenticity being oneself without guilt or self monitoring Autonomy moving away from what you should do and making Unconditional positive self regard and other regard being able to Relatedness seeking close and deep relationships where you can Process living Recognizing that we are in a constant state of your own decisions perceive and accept how others and oneself behaves and feels truly appreciate and understand other people becoming and never reach a final end point With great goals comes great responsibility and that s scary Jonah Complex Self actualization can be inhibited by this a fear of success We fear the loss of control We fear the attention and scrutiny of others and being
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