Unit Four Study Guide Topic One Lifespan Development Readings Pages 173 222 Key Terms defined within the questions Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Concrete Development Continuous Development Conventional Morality Crystallized Fluid Intelligence Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Infantile Amnesia Insecure Attachment Jean Piaget Lev Vygotsky Longitudinal Cross sectional Design Neural Pruning Piaget s Stages of Cognitive Development Post conventional Morality Pre conventional Morality Secure Attachment Teratogen Universal Physical Development Concepts of neural pruning 1 Understand the early development of the brain and the process Neural pruning a change in neural structure by reducing the overall number of neurons and synapses leaving more efficient synaptic configurations maturing Within the whom 250 000 brain cells are developed every minute Between ages 3 6 the frontal lobe is developed From 6 adolescence is when associated learning is developed conditioning 2 Know what a teratogen is and give some examples of teratogens and known consequences resulting from exposure to them Chemicals that can reach the embryo or fetus during pregnancy and cause harm Alcohol FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Tobacco Low birth weight Prescription drugs birth defects nature s role in a child s early development 3 How does universal physical development give us hints about During infancy a baby grows from newborn to toddler From there to childhood and then onto adolescence All humans travel this path developing physically cognitively and socially From infancy on the brain and the body both mature together This is all the universal control of nature 4 How do we know that infants have memory Give at least one example of an experiment that works around the limitations of working with infants in order to answer questions about development How are these limitations overcome Carolyn Rovee Collier attached a string from her baby s foot to a mobile above his crib The baby had the power to move the mobile and enjoyed it She later observed that the baby would kick his foot whenever he wanted the mobile to move He remembered this the next day and the next continuously kicking his foot This held true with other babies as well proving that the babies had the ability to remember Although infantile amnesia prevents form remembering childhood memories years later we still have memory as children 5 Who is Jean Piaget How did he develop his theories of development He administered various questions to children of various aged He took note of the questions they got wrong and found that children of the same age were getting similar types of questions wrong He concluded that the brain develops with age in a concrete series of stages 6 What are Piaget s stages of cognitive development 7 How did Piaget s idea of concrete development differ from Vygotsky s idea of scaffolding and continuous development Vygotsky s idea supported nurture rather than Piaget s idea which tended more to nature Vygotsky believed in a children s cognitive development as a set of scaffolding He believed that parents and others could introduce the child to new words which act as a set of scaffolding that enables the child to advance to a higher level of thinking Language building blocks of thinking 8 Know the importance of attachment and the difference between secure and insecure attachment Is daycare detrimental to the formation of secure attachment Attachment the emotional tie to another person shown in young children by their seeking of closeness to their caregiver and distress on separation Secure Children are given warmth and nurturing and had a predictable environment Yields better academic and social performances Insecure Nurturing is absent the child distrust the caregiver and does not know what to expect unpredictability Daycare Research shows that it isn t bad as long as it is good daycare Bad daycare problems with attachment Good daycare no problems Overall daycare is said to be neutral But kids who go to daycare tend to develop language earlier and have better social skills rhesus monkeys 9 What was the main finding of Harlow s experiment with the An infant monkey was put in a cage with a bare wire mother that offered nothing but milk and another mother that offered nothing besides softness and comfort The monkey much preferred the soft mother even while feeding from the other mother from each style 10 What are the various parenting styles Give example behaviors Authoritarian parent has complete control Nazi parent Often associated with abuse Permissive the child can do whatever they want Parent acts as a friend This puts children at risk for conduct problems Also goes for parents who simply aren t around Authoritative the middle ground happy medium best style of parenting the frontal lobe 11 What cognitive developments accompany the development of Improved judgment impulse control and the ability to plan for long term Pruning unused neurons and connections are lost What we don t use we lose Frontal lobe maturation lags the emotional limbic system This is what causes the occasional hormonal outbursts in teenagers 12 What social changes are associated with adolescence Identity and role confusion the formation of who you really are developing a sense of self and to what group you belong to Preconvention morality before age 9 morality is focused on self interest Rules are fallowed simply to avoid a punishment Conventional morality by early adolescence morality focuses on caring for others and upholding social rules and laws Rules are fallowed simply because people say they should be Post conventional morality ethics come into play using self defined principles of judgment Rules are fallowed because it is right 13 Know the concept of emerging adulthood Emerging adulthood a period from the late teens to early twenties bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood 14 What are the physical declines associated with old aging Sensory ability Reaction time Fertility women Susceptibility to disease 15 What are the cognitive declines Fluid intelligence Memory problems associated with aging 16 Is age kinder to the initially more able Can we mitigate the Yes and no The rate of physical and mental aging is about the same for everyone However if at age 60 you are more able than another person at age 60 you will be more able than them at age 70 because you started out more able than them The way people start out
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