PSY201 2 1 PSY2012 Exam 4 Chapter 13 Personality Define personality Learning Objectives How a person characteristically feels acts and thinks Describe Freud s view of personality structure in terms of the id ego and superego ID Unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive needs uses pleasure principle instant gratification Ego Conscious that mediates between id superego and reality operates on reality principle satisfy ID to bring pleasure not pain Superego What we would ideally like to be Discuss Freud s psychosexual stages of development and describe the effects of fixation on behavior Oral 0 18 months Pleasure centers on mouth sucking biting chewing Anal 18 36 months Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination coping with demands of control Phallic 3 6 years Pleasure is in genitals coping with incestuous sexual feelings Latency 6 to puberty Dormant sexual feelings Genital puberty on Maturation of sexual interests Summarize psychology s current assessment of Freud s theory of psychoanalysis including its portrayal of the unconscious Current science agrees that unconscious processes are important and early life experiences shape us They disagree by believing that the sexual urges are overkill development continues past first few years that peer influence is important and hypotheses is untestable PSY201 2 2 Define how the term trait is used in personality psychology Trait Characteristic pattern of behavior how someone normally behaves or acts Describe research efforts to identify fundamental personality traits Factor Analysis identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence Biology extraverts typically have lower brain arousal genes traits linked to autonomic nervous system activity Personality Inventories Identify and define the Big Five traits Conscientiousness Organized Disorganized Careful Careless Discipline Impulsive Agreeableness Soft hearted Ruthless Trusting Suspicious Helpful Uncooperative Neuroticism Calm Anxious Secure Insecure Self satisfying Self pitying Openness Imaginative Practical Independent Conforming Extraversion Preference for variety Preference for routine PSY201 2 3 Sociable Retiring Fun loving Sober Affectionate Reserved Summarize the person situation controversy This is the idea that although personality traits may be enduring people behave differently when situations change Example Someone who seems quiet in class acts completely different at a party Situations determine how people act Define self esteem and explain why a slight positive bias self serving bias may actually be healthy Self esteem is a feeling of self worth Having a self serving bias may motivate us make us feel important Learning Objectives Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders Identify the criteria for judging whether something is psychologically disordered If they go against the norms of society cause themselves distress Describe the goals and content of the DSM IV TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classification system for organizing psychological disorders Discuss the benefits but also the potential dangers of using diagnostic labels It is a very general diagnosis many people can fit into many of the categories for things that may not be severe psychological disorders Benefits include having a guideline in which psychologists can agree on disorder and treatment for each case Define anxiety disorders and contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder Anxiety disorders are psychological disorders with distress persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors to reduce that anxiety Generalized anxiety disorder when a person is unexplainably and constantly tense Panic disorder where individual experiences episodes of intense dread PSY201 2 4 Explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience Phobias are when someone is irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation unlike fears which tend to be rational Describe the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder Obsessive compulsive disorder is when people are troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions Describe the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder Lingering memories withdrawal anxiety and nightmares for weeks after uncontrollable event Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders Learning perspective Fear Conditioning people tend to associate fears with events Observational Learning observe others fears Biological perspective Natural Selection biologically prepared to face threats Genes some people predisposed to anxiety The Brain over arousal of brain areas having to do with impulse control and habitual behaviors Define mood disorders and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder Mood disorders psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder lethargy feeling worthless lost of interest in friends family or activities lasting over two weeks and not caused by medical condition or drugs Bipolar Disorder alternating between periods of depression and mania Identify biological and cognitive vulnerabilities associated with depression Biological genetics affect depression depression is noted in the brain by less brain activity serotonin depletes Cognitive view life in a negative way learned helplessness Describe characteristics of personality disorders and identify psychological behavioral and biological components of antisocial personality disorder PSY201 2 5 Personality disorders behavior patterns that impair social functioning Antisocial Personality Disorder do not feel remorse empathy or regret it s genetic psychopathic tendencies Learning Objectives Chapter 15 Therapy Define psychoanalysis and discuss the aims methods and criticisms of this form of therapy Psychoanalysis is where patients make free associations they say whatever comes to mind resistances dreams and transferences and how the therapist interprets them Aims bring out repressed feelings Methods Free associations say whatever comes to mind Criticism cannot be proven or disproven time consuming expensive Contrast psychodynamic therapy with traditional psychoanalysis Psychodynamic therapy is more so trying to focus on a patient s current relationships and childhood experiences instead of bringing to surface repressed memories which is the point of psychoanalysis Identify the basic characteristics of the humanistic therapies
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