Psychology of Personality Learning Objectives POWERPOINT 1 1 Know the definition of personality discussed in class o a unique set of consistent emotional cognitive and behavioral dispositions or tendencies 2 What is the difference between personality traits and mechanisms o Traits the what o Mechanisms the how 3 What are three purposes of personality traits Allow us to describe people and explain behavior 3 pieces see below o Allow us to describe people o Explain behavior o Predict future behavior o Inputs how a person becomes more less sensitive to incoming information o Decisions rules how likely a person is to think of choose specific options o Outputs what guides a person s behavior into specific actions o Integrates our past present and anticipated future into one unified story 4 What are the three components of personality mechanisms 5 What is a life story Identity how we think about ourselves 6 What are the main differences between personality psychology and the other related fields within psychology o PPE vs Developmental Psychology PPE focuses on adulthood DP focuses on meaningful changes transitions overtime PPE focuses on the degree of continuity stability over time o PPE vs Social Psychology SP focuses on human sociality PPE focuses on human individuality o PPE vs Clinical abnormal Psychology PPE is focused on normal functioning not disorders CP often used PPE as its background but uses it to diagnose focus on disorders 7 Know the three eras in the history of personality psychology and the details of what happened in each pages 22 24 psychology o 1 1930 1950 establishment of the field general systems of personality o 2 1950 1970 major critique of PPE Also expansion of higher education after WWII increased federal funding for research of PPE PPE research began to focus on personality constructs that could be validly and reliably measured and whose impact on the person could be observed Critique was that people were turning their backs on general theories in favor of measurement observation Trait based vs situation based approaches o 3 1970 present contemporary renaissance revitalization of PPE POWERPOINT 2 1 List four ways to measure personality FOUR a Self report b Other report friends family or a professional c Situational tests d Biological tests a Benefits you know more about yourself than anyone else b Costs might lie and there s things people don t even know realize about 2 Know the costs and benefits of self report data themselves 3 Understand the difference between reliability and validity of a particular measure measure 4 types a Reliability the confidence we can place on the measurement the consistency b Validity the ability of the test to measure exactly what it s supposed to c HOTDOG TEST reliable but not valid a Face validity the extent to which the test items seem in the eyes of the 4 List and define the three kinds of validity respondent to measure what it s supposed to measure i Does it look like it s measuring what it says it s measuring b Predictive criterion validity the extent to which a test is associated with external behaviors that it s designed to predict i Does it predict the behaviors we expect it to predict c Convergent congruent validity the extent to which different measures of the same construct relate to each other i Does the test agree with other scales that measure the same thing it d Discriminant validity the extent to which different measures of different claims to measure constructs traits do NOT relate to each other i Making sure the test isn t measuring things it doesn t intend to actually 5 Define generalizability measure a The extent to which finding from a study test can be generalized extended to i Ie Putting people in a lab setting may limit how much we could generalize a population in natural settings the finding to all people in a natural setting 6 Be able to apply the two things you can say to sound smart when people talk about research this will make sense after the lecture a Correlation does not equal causation cause A i Relationship may be opposite Instead of A causing B B may actually ii Something else can be causing both things b Maybe the relationship is curvilinear in regards to anxiety performance i If graph looks like a U or upside down U people in the middle pay perform differently than the people on the ends POWERPOINT 3 1 Know the two perspectives on traits covered in lecture and be able to describe how they are different a Traits as internal causal properties traits are internal properties of persons and cause them to behave certain ways i Traits are internal traits that have the potential to cause behavior 1 Doesn t mean they LEAD behavior b Traits as purely descriptive summaries traits simply describe people s tendencies to behave in a certain way i No traits without behavior ii Can t make any assumption based on traits about internality or causality 2 Know which characteristics are studied under Eysenck s model of a Eysenck s hierarchal model of personality is based on 3 traits PEN personality and be able to describe each i Psychoticism P 1 A high score of P aggression cruelty solitary antisocial tendencies lack empathy cruel inhumane etc ii Extraversion Introversion E 1 E social likes parties many friends amiable etc 2 I have a small of intimate friends quiet seem aloof prefer routine have a predictable lifestyle iii Neuroticism Emotional Stability N 1 N worried anxious depressed over reactive in negative situations 2 ES even tempered calmer slower to react to a stressful event sleep issues bounces back easily 3 What are the two dimensions of the Wiggins Circumplex a Focused on the 2 interpersonal traits i Love ii Status a The Big 5 4 What is the most widely accepted model for personality i Has been replicated in studies in different languages ii Been replicated every decade for a century replicable over time iii Replicated using different item formats 5 Be able to list and apply the five personality characteristics recognized as the Big 5 a Extraversion b Agreeableness i Talkative assertive quiet shy i Sympathetic kind warm understanding insincere harsh cruel unsympathetic c Conscientiousness d Neuroticism Emotional Stability e Openness Intellect unintellectual i Organized neat orderly practical careless sloppy disorganized i Calm relaxed stable moody anxious insecure i Creative imaginative intellectual uncreative unimaginative 6 Over which two dimensions do traits change 7 Be able to recognize examples
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