Overview of Exam 3 A 30 40 Multiple Choice Questions B Should take roughly 40 minutes to complete but you have the full 2hrs and I ll stay slightly longer too time is not an issue C Questions will be based primarily on information in the lecture slides in class lecture For studying purposes start with this outline and the slides The readings are probably best used as a reference when something from your notes or the slides is unclear or when you want to add a bit more depth to your understanding of a concept or finding If a topic or term is not on the outline below it will NOT be on the exam I will ask you to know some of the key findings from research studies we ve discussed in the lectures D E Topic Outline for Exam2 Attachment Theory Ch2 Ch8 11 14 Evolutionary Origins of Attachment Behavioral System Harlow s studies Infant Monkeys o Infant Monkeys spent more time clinging to the Cloth surrogate than the Wire surrogate regardless of which one gave milk o Infant Monkeys were more likely to run to the Cloth surrogate when frightened regardless of which gave milk The ABS Bowlby conceives of attachment as a goal directed system designed to ensure the overall end of caregiver infant proximity The system comprises a number of subsystems called attachment behaviors including sucking clinging following vocalizing and smiling Bowlby The Evolutionary Origins of the attachment behavioral system ABS o ABS activated in response to internal threat pain and external threat fear stimuli functionally motivates young children to maintain proximity to parents o Motivates two types of behaviors Distress signaling crying verbalizing fears visual cues Proximity seeking approaching clinging separation protests anxiety o Satisfied when the child experiences felt security which includes a caregiver responding to their needs AND providing a safe haven Attachment Theory Key Components Attachment is the bond between caregiver mother father or other who cares for the baby and infants develops through a number of well defined in the first years of the of the childs life 1 Internal Working Models implicit learning Beliefs about oneself esp one s worthiness of love Beliefs about other people esp their reliability and trustworthiness Beliefs about how relationships in general work esp how people support and comfort each other Attachment style is a largely rational or conditioned response to environmental cues and experiences regarding caregiver s responsiveness availability o Ex The Modified Marshmallow Experiment Kidd et al 2012 Kidd s own version of the marshmallow study was designed to test the effect of trust First the three to five year olds in the study were primed to think of the researchers as either reliable or unreliable In the first part of the study the researchers handed over a piece of paper and a jar of used crayons then told a child to either use those crayons or wait for a better set of art supplies In the second part of the study the experimenter gave the child a small sticker and told the young subject to either use that one or wait for bigger better stickers For half the kids the experimenter kept the bargain returning with a loaded tray of markers crayons and colored pencils then several big stickers For the other half the experimenter returned a few minutes later to say apologetically that there weren t in fact any better art supplies or any better stickers After this the kids were given the marshmallow test The results were dramatic Nine out of the 14 kids in the reliable condition held out 15 minutes for a second marshmallow while only one of the 14 in the unreliable condition did If kids were unsure they were going to get a second marshmallow they didn t bother to wait Self Views Other Views Relationship models worthy or unworthy of love trustworthy or untrustworthy to provide love support reliable vs unreliable safe vs threatening Themselves Relationships Others 2 Continuity Hypothesis Internalized Working Models in early childhood influence how adults come to view o Themselves o Others o Relationships worthy or unworthy of love trustworthy or untrustworthy to provide love support reliable vs unreliable safe vs threatening Is there any evidence to suggest that this is true A Qualified Yes seems to be the answer Evidence is provided by Hazan and Shaver showing that securely attached infants go on to have stable secure adult relationships as the theory predicts Conclusion from multiple studies Relative stability of attachment style given relatively unchanging circumstances at about a 70 concordance rate Of those whose attachment style changed 78 experienced a parental 3 The circle of security divorce illness or death Attachment styles Their Causes How They are Measured Attachment Styles three styles of approaching romantic relationships developed from research on adult romantic love The three styles parallel Ainsworth s attachment types for infants secure avoidant and resistant anxious ambivalent Secure In the SST securely attached infants will o Explore when their caregiver is present o Show signs of distress and explore less when their caregiver is absent o Be unsuccessfully comforted by a stranger o Show pleasure when the caregiver returns Infants become securely attached to caregivers who o Provide regular contact comfort o Respond promptly and sensitively to distress signals o Provide Interactional Synchrony o Engage in the same activity w the same emotional state Secure Attachment leads to o Roughly 60 70 of children and adults score as having a secure attachment style o Increased sociability empathy self esteem and self confidence in later childhood and adulthood o Greater likelihood of believing in enduring romantic love as adults Anxious Ambivalent In the SST anxious ambivalent attached infants are o Highly avoidant of separation o Very wary of the stranger o Less likely to be consoled and calmed by a caregiver s returning o May punish the caregiver for leaving by crying or acting aggressively Infants become anxiously ambivalently attached to a caregiver who o Inconsistently provides comfort and contact o Inconsistently expresses approval or disapproval o Acts overprotective in most situations reducing exploration o They ve learned that connection is inconsistent and requires high intensity reactions and high levels of monitoring Anxious Attachment leads to attachment style o Roughly 10 20 of adults and children develop an anxious ambivalent o High need of intimacy approval
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