Objectives Chapter 6 Learning Pages 206 233 1 Know learning and the major types of learning Learning is a relatively permanent change in thought or behavior that results from experience In other words NOT reflex driven behavior The major types of learning are Conditioning 1 2 and the Cognitive models of learning 3 4 5 1 Classical Pavlovian conditioning 2 Operant conditioning 3 Latent learning 4 Observational learning social learning 5 Insight learning 2 Know classical conditioning and its four basic components Researched by Ivan Pavlov He noticed that his dogs showed a psychological response to cues associated with food Classical conditioning is a stimulus and response learning where stimuli that are paired together become associated Stimuli Hear Bell Receive food Response Salivation In Classical conditioning an unconditioned unlearned stimulus food triggers and unconditioned response salivating or a conditioned stimulus bell triggers a conditioned response salivating Salivating is an unconditioned response to food but a conditioned response to a bell It s conditional upon associative learning Pavlov discovered the following The unconditioned stimulus US being food the unconditioned response UR being salivating A natural innate reaction A neutral stimulus is something without meaning that when paired with an US over time such as food becomes a conditioned stimulus The conditioned stimulus CS became a ringing sound bell and the conditioned response CR then became salivating 3 Know of acquisition extinction spontaneous recovery generalization and discrimination Acquisition The initial learning of an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus The key requirement for successful acquisition is timing Ideally when the US follows the CS by about 500 ms Extinction Repeated presentation of CS without US will eventually eliminate response to CS Spontaneous recovery Happens when CS briefly regains its power to elicit the response Extinction doesn t erase learning it suppresses it Stimulus generalization Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS Bell Other ringing sound The white hairy case of Little Albert Stimulus discrimination Ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli Bell Drums 4 Know which schedule of reinforcement leads to the most enduring behavior Variable Ratio is the most efficient Schedules of reinforcement Ratio Based on number of responses Interval Based on time Fixed Consistent number of responses Variable Changing number of responses or time between reinforcers 5 Identify the critical role of behavior in distinguishing classical conditioning from operant conditioning In Classical conditioning the emphasis is on automatic reflexive responses to stimuli as a result of associative learning Essentially involuntary In Operant conditioning the emphasis is on controlled deliberate behavior enacted by an organism to influence its environment Environmental consequences shape behavior 6 Know operant conditioning Past experiences affect present behavior Behavior can operate on the environment to produce an effect Being rewarded for good behavior and punished for bad behavior 7 Know positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment and negative punishment Know how punishment and negative reinforcement differ Reinforcements increase likelihood of behavior Positive reinforcement Something pleasant is offered candy Negative reinforcement Something unpleasant is removed stress Punishments decrease likelihood of behavior Positive punishment Something unpleasant is introduced Negative punishment Something pleasant is removed 8 Outline the evidence that supports latent learning Latent learning was part of Tolman s research questioning whether learning occurs even in the absence of obvious rewards and punishments Observational learning and insight learning are good examples 9 Know observational learning specifically as studied by Albert Bandura Learning that occurs by watching other people s behavior and observing the resulting consequences Younger sibling learning from the mistakes of an older sibling What Bandura studied was modeling the imitation of specific behaviors in children Part of the social learning social cognitive theory In Bandura s Bobo Doll experiment the independent variable was the type of model aggressive or not where the dependent variable was the imitation of aggressive behavior Point Observational learning suggests that people and some other animals form mental representations of stimuli behavioral responses and consequences reinforcements punishments without having direct experience with them 10 Know insight learning Understand how might this research challenge Thorndike s assumptions Edward Thorndike studied the Law of Effect rewarding and punishing by placing cats in a box and timing them as they tried to escape They learned how to escape faster through practice If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying state of affairs the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened K hler found that Sultan his star chimpanzee discovered how to insert one bamboo stick inside another to create an extra long stick thereby allowing him to obtain food What was notable according to K hler was that his chimpanzees appeared to expe rience the aha reaction we discussed earlier Their solutions to his problems didn t appear to reflect trial and error as it did with Thorndike s cats but rather insight the sudden un derstanding of the solution to a problem Learning Habituation Classical Pavlovian conditioning Unconditioned stimulus UCS Unconditioned response UCR Change in an organism s behavior or thought as a result from experience Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli Form of learning in which animals come to response to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic responds Stimulus that elicits an automated response Automatic response to a non neutral Conditioned response CR Conditioned stimulus CS Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous recovery Renewal effect Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination Higher order conditioning Latent inhibition Fetishism Operant conditioning Law of effect Discriminative stimulus stimulus that does not need to be learned Response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neural stimulus through conditioning Initially neutral stimulus
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