Individuals Motives and Goals 03 25 2014 What do people want The psychoanalytic view pt 1 Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 o Physician and researcher nervous system Psychoanalysis first mentioned in 1895 Collected works span 24 volumes The Freudian Psyche o The Id The unruly demanding gratification seeking instinct driven source of our psychic energy and our two primary drives Eros love earlier called the pleasure principle Driven for pleasure sexual gratification and life self preservation Thanatos death aggression instinct Drive for aggression violence pain infliction and self destruction Didn t appear in Freud s thinking until after Unconscious unconcerned w reality constraints WWII unreasonable Today we call it unconscious things like implicit or automatic its real o The Superego Internalized representation of parental and societal rules norms Our conscience doing constraints Constantly tells Ego what it should and should not be Also unyielding inflexible unconcerned with reality Ex Teach says don t hit others and parents say protect your sister Source of guilt moral anxiety o The Ego Our conscious experience of ourselves The negotiator of the demands of 3 tyrants Id Superego and Reality The Ego must Navigate the external world to ensure self preservation and the internal world to reduce psychological tension Healthy personality development strives toward some Ego Ideal A self that is able to continually satisfy the demands of the 3 tyrants When this coping breaks down we see pathological behavior The role of defense mechanisms o Conflict between the three tyrants creates anxiety neuroses for the ego which is dealt with through defense mechanisms o We are sometimes able to deal with anxiety conflict in healthy ways Wish fulfillment Expressing and satisfying desires through imagination and fantasy Ex dreams paintings stories daydreams Sublimation Channeling desire into more socially acceptable reality appropriate avenues Ex Sport Thanatos friends lovers and pets Eros Displacement Temporary shifting the impulse to a more appropriate or accessible object other Ex aggression toward father turns into aggression toward dog sibling o Less ideal defense mechanisms The prior do a more permanent job of satisfying the three tyrants others do a more temporary job which leads to tension build up Why less ideal Tension isn t resolved only ignored Free association therapy and dream analysis are meant to identify repressed desires and let them play out in the therapy session transference Repression Suppress deny ignore or actively forget some anxiety holding event or desire Ex blocking out a memory of an embarrassing event Projection Attributing one s own unacceptable thoughts and desires to others Ex don t date him he hates me Reaction formation Avidly adopting or over emphasizing the OPPOSITE of an anxiety inducing desire Expressing animosity toward someone when one really wants union Rationalization biggest of them all Reinterpreting and justifying our own behavior or desires in a way that make them seem more Rationalization is a powerful tool but a double acceptable to us edged sword It is central to emotion focused coping reinterpreting negative events in ways we can live with that minimizes anxiety Also inclines us to persist in potentially harmful and damaging relationships and patterns of behavior What do people want The humanistic view pt 2 Humanistic vs psychoanalytic approaches o Like psychoanalysis humanism originally grew out of the clinical side of psychology But very different causes and treatments of mental illness Also very different views on potential for wellness Psychoanalytic approach o Theorized primary source of mental disorder Anxiety caused by conflicts between 3 tyrants Mental illness arises when coping strategies defense mechanisms break down Ex Thanatos has no satisfying outlet and thus turns self destructive o Goal of therapy when coping stops working help the patient bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness in order to work through them together Via transference Humanistic approach o Theorized primary source of mental disorder Still caused by conflict but not Tyrants Ego conflict Conflict denial and distortion of one s genuine feelings and desires usually because one believes others disapprove o Carl Rogers called this conditional regard from others I ll love and accept you but only if you are a certain way Ex Gender norm expectations Roger s own repressive childhood Further cause by having no genuine sense of purpose or meaning Humanistic therapy o Primary goal of therapy Restore trust in our own desires and perception of reality Operated on the assumption that people are fundamentally good o Therapist must offer Empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard to help client achieve self understanding and self acceptance o Help to facilitate self actualization Is about being authentic compassionate to self and others striving o The client must identify their own needs meaning Leads to the and how does that make you feel stereotype of therapy Maslow s Theory o Abraham Maslow somewhat more complicated o Maslow s theory of proponent needs Self actualization can only be worked toward once more basic needs are met Physiological Safety Esteem Self actualization Love belonging o The Jonah Complex Self actualization can be inhibited by the Jonah Complex fear of success With great goals comes great responsibility We fear loss of control We fear attention and scrutiny of others We fear letting others down if we fail Can lead to self handicapping Setting oneself up for failure so that there is a Self determination theory ready made excuse o 3 basic needs must be satisfied to foster psychological health Relatedness The universal want to interact be connected to and experience caring for others Also called mattering Competence mastery Refers to fostering the skills necessary to be effective in navigating one s environments Autonomy values Is the universal urge to be causal agents of our own life and act in accord with our beliefs and Autonomy the value of intrinsic motivation o Over justification effect the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish once it is extrinsically rewarded Ex Puzzle study Deci 1971 Subjects played with puzzles One group then paid to play Later measured time spent Paid group played less when reward was removed Attributed their behavior to an extrinsic motivator o Kasser Ryan 1996 Measured importance of Extrinsic aspirations money
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