Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception Learning Objectives 1 What is sensation 2 What is perception 3 What are the absolute and difference thresholds 4 What is sensory adaptation 5 What is transduction 6 Know the two theories of how we perceive pitch place theory frequency theory 7 What are the two types of hearing loss 8 What are rods and cones 9 What is the difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness 10 What is trichromatic theory and opponent processes theory 11 What is sensory interaction 12 What is Prosopagnosia face blindness and how does it relate to Sensation and 13 What is Gestalt psychology 14 How do we perceive motion 15 What is the importance of illusions What can they tell us about how we perceive 16 What is perceptual constancy What is perceptual set How do these influence our Perception sensation perception 17 What role does context play in perception Chapter 4 Nature vs Nurture Learning Objectives 1 What percent of our genes do we share with others What percentage make use unique 2 What is the nature vs nuture controversy Which aspect plays a larger role in explaining behavior 3 What is behavior genetics And what types of studies are typically done to study this 4 How do behavioral geneticists determine if a behavior or skill is highly influenced by genes and or environment Chapter 7 Learning Objectives 1 What is the definition of learning and conditioning 2 What are the two forms of learning 3 Describe Pavlov s famous experiment on classical conditioning 4 What is an unconditioned stimulus US unconditioned response UR conditioned stimulus CS and a conditioned response CR Be able to give examples of each including examples of each in Pavlov s and Watson s studies 5 What were the results of Watson s study with Little Albert 6 How does extinction occur What is spontaneous recovery 7 What is the definition of generalization and discrimination 8 What is the definition of operant conditioning And what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning 9 What is the law of effect Be able to explain Thorndike s experiment with puzzle boxes 10 What is the Skinner Box and which type of conditioning procedure was used in this 11 What is reinforcement and punishment How do these things influence behavior 12 What is observational learning Be able to describe Albert Bandura s bobo doll experiment experiment Chapter 13 Learning Objectives Personality 1 Define personality 2 Trait Approach a How is the term trait used in psychology Describe the trait perspective of personality and know the criticism of this theory b How do researchers identify fundamental personality traits c Identify and define the Big Five Factor Model 3 Social Cognitive Approach a Describe the Social Cognitive perspective to personality by Albert Bandura What are the three components of this theory What is the criticism of this theory b Be able to explain the influence of personal control and learned helplessness according to the social cognitive theory c Define self efficacy Is it healthy to have a slightly positive bias about our abilities Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception Learning Objectives Answers 1 Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding information about the environment received through our senses 2 Perception the process of integrating organizing and interpreting sensory information in a meaningful way 3 Thresholds a Ex Loud ringing noise in the morning is perceived as an alarm clock a Absolute Threshold is the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a stimulus b Difference Threshold is the minimum difference a person can detect between 50 of the time Two stimuli 50 of the time i AKA Just Noticeable Difference JND ii The size of JND is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus 4 Sensory Adaptation is the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus a Ex Getting used to music at a rock concert then leaving the concert and having your eyes ringing b Benefit frees us to focus on informative changes in our environment 5 Transduction is the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural messages 6 Two theories of how we perceive pitch a Frequency Theory Low Pitch b Place Theory High Pitch membrane ii Ex A baby s cry 7 2 Types of Hearing Loss a Conductive Hearing Loss i Whole basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound this triggers neural impulses to the brain at the same rate as sound wave i Different sound waves trigger activity in different locations of the basilar s i Occurs when sound isn t conducted efficiently 1 Ex When you are sick b Sensorineural Hearing Loss i Causes by damage to the cochlea s receptor cells or the auditory nerves ii Most common type of hearing loss 1 Ex Continuous Rock Concerts or natural birth disorder 8 Vision Rods and Cones a Rods i Receptor cells associated with black and white vision ii Located at the periphery side of the retina b Cones i Receptor cells associated with color vision ii Located at the fovea middle of the retina 9 Difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness a Nearsightedness i Distant objects focus in front of the retina b Farsightedness i Nearby 1 Nearby objects focus behind the retina 1 Faraway 10 Theories of Color Version a Trichromatic Theory Young and Helmholtz objects are seen more clearly than distant objects objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects i Can create any color by combining light waves of 3 colors red green and blue ii Our eyes have 3 types of color receptors b Opponent process theory Hering i We have 2 additional color processes ii Red vs Green and Blue vs Yellow iii Why after images occur 11 Sensory Interaction a One sense may influence another 12 Prosopagnosia a Sensation without perception interpret perception the face b Know as Face blindness c Seeing faces but not recognizing it 13 Gestalt Psychology i A person can visual see a face sensation but can not translate and a Form gestalten to fashion or shape b Our brain does more than register information about the world c A perceptual experience 14 The brain perceives motion based on certain assumptions a Expanding shrinking objects are approaching retracting not really a change in b Continuous is occurring when we observe a rapid series of slightly varying size images i This is the trick to animation 15 Naturally we want to know what is going on Understanding the kinds of mistakes our eyes make can help explain how our brains process images a What we perceive can play tricks on what we are
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