Study Guide for Exam 4 General Psychology Ch 13 Personality Ch 15 Abnormal Psychology Instructions Key concepts and ideas will be listed below This will cover the majority of the material that you will be tested on Most of this material will have been covered in lecture Material from the book may also appear on the exam However understand that this study guide may not contain every concept that you ll need to know for the exam and it will be necessary to review the readings and your notes CH 13 Personality Nomothetic Approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals Idiographic Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person Psychoanalysis Assumes three things when analyzing personality physic determinism symbolic meaning everything has an underlying meaning and unconscious motivation Sex and unconscious processes Psychic Determinism not in textbook find in slides All psychological events have a cause Actions are not free We are at the whim of inner forces Unconscious Motivation The majority of motivation lies beneath the surface like an iceberg freud thinks these motivations are often negative influences and sexual Id the impulse infant or person who is excessively impulsive Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operating on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification Ego the mediator decision maker Superego morality the parent Freud s Personality Structure Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between id and superego the iceberg ego small above surface ID largest part below surface Superego inbetween below surface Free Association Freud used this as was a means of tapping into the unconscious by leading what the person is saying he thought that he could get from the associated comment into their unconscious thought Stages of psychosexual development Oral fixation 0 18 mon nipple sucking fixation would be cigarettes Anal fixation 18 36 mon toilet training obsessed with control Phallic 3 6 becoming sexual coping with incest feelings fixation would be sexual fixation Latency 6 to puberty sex crazy takes a break Genital puberty onwards sexually becoming mature and interacting sexually Neo Freudians people that accepted freud s basic ideas of personality but did not see sexuality as a driving force had increased optimism about life and personality change Alfred Adler Neo Freudian Like Freud Adler believed in childhood tensions However these tensions were social in nature and not sexual A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power Karen Horney Neo Freudian Believed childhood social tensions are crucial for personality formation Said childhood anxiety caused by senses of helplessness triggers our desires for love and security Countered Freud s view that women have weak super egos and penis envy Erik Erikson Proposed a theory of personality development throughout the lifetime Titled his theory psychosocial development Agreed with freud s unconcscious but said there is more there than repressed thoughts and feelings and more than just sexual drives Carl Jung Jung agreed with Freud s model of the unconscious what Jung called the personal unconscious but he also proposed the existence of a second far deeper form of the unconscious underlying the personal one This was the collective unconscious where the archetypes themselves resided represented in mythology by a lake or other body of water and in some cases a jug or other container Freud had actually mentioned a collective level of psychic functioning but saw it primarily as an appendix to the rest of the psyche Projective tests tests designed to trigger internal stimuli of ones internal dynamics Used to glean information about personality Meant to reveal things about the unconscious mind ex Rorschach tests Radical Behaviorism Free will is an illusion Personality consists of behaviors Personality is outside of us Unconscious views differed from Freud I did not direct my life I didn t design it I never made decisions Things always came up and made them for me That s what life is Determinism and too little emphasis on thought Black Cognition Box of Input Black Box Output Nobody knows so why should we care Social Cognitive theory theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality Conditioning depends on thought Observational learning important Locus of Control Locus of Control external I m controlled by my environment Locus of Control internal I m able to control my environment Personality is strongly influenced by our sense of personal control Learned Helplessness When repeatedly faced with traumatic events over which they have no control people and animals come to feel helpless hopeless and depressed Humanism focuses on the way healthy people strive for self determination and self realization Personal views and optimism and too little on empirical findings Abraham Maslow developed his ideas by studying healthy creative people rather than troubled clinical studies Carl Rogers believed people were basically good and are endowed with self actualizing tendencies Believed growth promoting climate required genuineness acceptance and empathy Maslow s Hierarchy of needs People are motivated to satisfy basic requirements and then strive to achieve self actualization basic needs include physiological and safety needs Self Actualization the process of fulfilling out potential Conditions of Worth Trait People s Characteristic behaviors and conscious motives 16 factor theory Too complex of a model five factor theory Most widely used and talked about three factor model Emerging model Too limited Factor analysis Analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures The big five factors know what each of them are Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion Basic tendencies versus characteristic adaptations underlying personality traits vs behavioral manifestations intense loyalty and devotion to social causes Steal cheat and lie study person situation controversy Experiment that looked at children s behavior when given an opportunity to steal a dime change answer on a test or lie Surprisingly the correlation between these behaviors were low Raised questions about the utility of trait measures Know the underlying
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