Chapter 8 Memory Notes Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Extremely brief sensory activation that never even enters conscious processing Working memory Brief memory for material you are currently processing that keeps info active and accessible as well as helping coordinate on going mental activities Long term memory Contains memory from experiences and knowledge collected over a lifetime has a very large capacity and memories are distributed Types of sensory memory Iconic memory visual Echoic memory auditory Functions of working short term memory Brief memory for material that you are currently processing Keeps info active and accessible Helps coordinate ongoing mental activities Limited to about 7 items No longer than 20 seconds probably less Chunking 954 254 1855 Packing strongly associated info together Increases the amount of info that can fit in working memory Long Term memory Can hold over 500 sets of info and can last a lifetime Explicit memory declarative memory Memories we retrieve intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness Implicit memory Retrieval independent of conscious reflection non declarative memory Priming activation of associations in long term memory also unconscious Storage Prediction Deep meaningful info processing generally leads to more permanent retention Three stages of memory Encoding getting info in Visual processing what something looks like Acoustic processing what something sounds like Semantic processing what something means Retrieval getting it out Recall An essay test Recognition multiple choice test Errors in Memory Relearning faster learning of previously learned info Memory illusion hearing 20 words related to sweet and including the word sweet Memory is an active constructive process and mistakes happen Misinformation effect Creation of false info by providing misleading info about an event after it takes place Words used to describe an event may affect later memory construction Amnesia Anterograde amnesia inability to form new memories Retrograde amnesia inability to retrieve old memories Seven memory enhancing strategies Minimize interference Elaborately process targeted info Use mnemonic devices Study repeatedly Get adequate sleep Mentally reinstate context Test yourself after a delay
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